The Fall of the Inca Empire Essay -- History, Ecuador, Peru, Chile

The Inca imperium, the massive nation that extended 2,500 miles along the western sea-coast of South America and had a population of over 7 million at its peak. It included all of what is now Ecuador and Peru and most of Chile. Known as The Children of the cheer, they excelled at craftsmanship, weaving, and culture (Children of the Sun). A very religious people, they worshiped the Sun as their supreme god and held religious festivals monthly to appease these gods. Although they did not economic value it aside from its beautiful appearance, the Inca Empire was home to millions of pounds of solid gold and silver. The Inca had no use for it except to use it to craft decorations and statues. In fact, an Inca citizen valued cloth much than they valued gold or silver. Their collapse would be brought about because of the Spanish invasion, a brutal civil war that weakened the empire, and deadly disease brought over from Europe.The Inca Empire was a combination of many small tribes and nations that the Inca had conquered and placed under their rule. Their government was very well organized and efficient at ruling their subjects. The blameless empire, however, was led by an emperor that was recognized by the Inca people as the Son of the Sun. The emperor selected his advisors and appointed governors for all of the territories under Inca control. They also had a very large, highly organized military consisting of around 500 thousand men. The Empire could have lasted centuries, if not for the Spanish invasion. Led by Hernando Pizarro, an accomplished conquistador, the Empire would be brought to its knees in just under thirty five yearsBefore any conquistador had ever step foot in Inca lands, issues that would lead to the Incas downfall had been buil... ...ve died and the civil war would not have occurred. Who knows, Huyana Capac may have been a much stronger, brutal leader than Atahualpa and would have killed the Spanish as in short had he heard that they had lande d in Peru. Pizarro, being the decisive, military leader that he was, would take advantage of the terrible plague and use it against the Inca. As he traveled from village to village, he would leave a person infected with smallpox in the village so that the whole village would become infected and die. When his men were in Cuzco while it was under siege from Manco Inca, he ordered dead bodies infected with small pox to be thrown into the Inca camps at night. bulky number of Inca soldiers died because of attacks like these. Pizarro and his men were from Europe, so they had some resistance to the diseases they brought with them, so they were not affected by them.

Ethics and Community in Aristotle :: Philosophy Essays

Ethics and Community in AristotleABSTRACT I show that Aristotles ethics is immovable by his notion of communities which argon in turn unflinching by hundreds of themes in his Topics-sameness and difference, part and whole, better than, etc. These atomic number 18 tools for all dialectical investigations into being and action (viz. Top. I.11 104b2) for they secure definitions and get at essences of things or their aspects. Reflecting structures of being and good, they seize Aristotle to arrive at objective reality and good. Being tools for all investigations into being and values, we atomic number 18 not free to reject them, nor can we have any discourse or claim to reality or good. I show how permutating the combination of these topics allows for subsequent sub-communities which are common to some. I offer an Aristotelian explanation for the origin of these topics and conclude that ethics is determined by communities, which in turn are determined by education.Aristotles ethics is determined by his notion of communities which are determined by hundreds of topics in his Topicssameness and difference, part and whole, better than, etc.. The topics are tools for all dialectical investigations into being and action (viz. I.11 104b2) for they secure definitions and get at essences of things or their aspects. Reflecting structures of being and good, the topics can get at objective reality and good. Being tools for all investigations, we are not free to reject them or we cannot have any discourse or claim to reality or good. I show how permutating the combination of these topics allow for subsequent sub-communities which are common to some. I offer an Aristotelian explanation for the origin of these topics and conclude that ethics is determined by communities, which in turn are determined by education. The Topics seeks to discover a method by which we reason(1) from generally current opinions (endox_n) about any problem (100a18-19, 100a30-b18)i.e., dialectical reason out. By generally accepted opinions,Aristotle means the kind of opinion held by everyone or by the legal age or by the wiseeither all of the wise or the majority or the most famous of themand which is not paradoxical for one would accept the opinion of the wise, if it is not opposed to the views of the majority (104a8-13). Since Aristotle contrasts dialectical reasoning with demonstrative reasoning which proceeds from true and primary premises (100a27-28) and are supported by the things themselves, it seems easy to suppose that dialectic cannot get us to objective first principles.

Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

In the beginning Communism seemed to the people of Russia as a utopian ideal. The promise of the exclusion of classes, of guaranteed employment, "The creation of a comprehensive social security and welfare system for all citizens that would end the misery of workers once and for all." Lenins own interpretation of the Marxian critique was that to earn Communism there would first have to be a socialist dictatorship to first suppress any dissent or protest. Through dictatorial tactics this new government seized power and in 1917 Lenin came to power. Under his "rule" Russia underwent radical changes in its economic doctrines adopting a mixed which was termed the New Economic Policy, in any case referred to as NEP. This economy called for some private ownership of the means of production, but the majority of industry was made property of the people, which meant the majority of the means of production was controlled by the government. Lenins government made many achiev ements. It ended a long civil war against the remnants of the old Tsarist military system and established institutions in government. During this period, censorship and the subordination of interest groups such as trade unions was imposed to stop dissension and increase conformity to the new government policies. After Lenins death in 1924, Joseph Stalin quickly gained control of the Communist party and the oppressive reforms started by Lenin were continued and at length became completely totalitar...

Americans and Agriculture :: Agricultural Education Farming Essays Papers

Americans and AgricultureWorks Cited MissingAgriculture is not all work and no play. Many advances can be do in the understanding of agriculture by making available a variety of methods to provide children with a hands-on experience and also educating all individuals about the importance of the practice. The ignorance of urban communities can be overcome with the help of organizations and people within the community. School visits, hands-on experiences, volunteers and organizations are just a few examples of the go that can be taken to educate Americans about agriculture and close the gap between rural and urban populations. Agriculture is the science and practice of producing crops and livestock. The primary winding aim of agriculture is to use the land to produce more abundantly to feed and clothe the world at the same time protecting it from decline or misuse. Humans had to improve agriculture as they became more dependent on food, creating a solitary evolutionar y connection between plants and animals (Campbell and Reece, 2001). In this sidereal day and age, so many people have forgotten the authentic premises of survival. It is easy for some to believe that the grocery stores produce food and clothing is produced by shopping centers. These inaccurate presumptions are being made due to the lack of knowledge of how agriculture truly works. in that respect are also significant differences in the levels of understanding between rural and urban communities. As doubts of economic possibilities of farming and ranching continue to decline, the true farmer still respects their land and practices. The frequent stereotype of farmers and ranchers is poor stewardship. Historically, hunters and farmers were more interested environmentalists than compared with the liberal, urban vegetarians of today. However both share the same conditions for living and breathing. This creates confusion between needing and wanting within a typical househol d (Kingsolver, 2003). An easy answer to the problem is to provide proper education. Educating the young is the best way to get a point across and determine that the America of tomorrow is less ignorant than the America of today. Children are eager to learn new things and are the best tool to promote agriculture (Robinson, 2005). There are many methods that can be made available to people of all ages, especially children, to increase their knowledge about agriculture.

Replacements to CFCs Essay -- CFC Environment Geology

Missing ChartWhat do CFCs do? CFCs are commonly practised as refrigerants, solvents in industrial cleanup position applications, and as aerosol propellants. Why are CFCs macrocosm replaced? When CFCs work their way up into the stratosphere, UV radiation from the Sun can appal the molecule down, and release a chlorine atom. This chlorine atom then interacts with an ozone molecule (ozone is vital to the Earths system in that it protects the surface from harmful UV rays). This fundamental interaction results in the destruction of ozone and the eventual release of the chlorine atom to break apart another ozone. It has been estimated that one chlorine atom can dismantle round 100,000 ozone molecules. Ozones importance and the direct threat to it by CFCs, are the reasons behind the replacement of the chemicals. One thing to notice from the chart is the extremely high ODP for the Halon compounds. These compunds (as can be seen from their formulas) contain a bromine atom t hat can destroy more ozone when compared to a chlorine. This occurs because it takes longer for a bromine atom to be taken turn up of the stratusphere. Halons were used in foam blowing apparatuses for fire-retarding systems, but were phased out along with CFCs.Innovative chemical companies With the advent of the Montreal Protocol and other legislation to reduce the production and use of CFCs, companies have increased research and development of replacement system and/or chemicals. The companies that have produced proven products for cleaning, refrigeration, and propellant use are 3M and Dupont. Their products Dupont is a world historied company whose major contributions include chemicals. On the order of CFC replacement, Dupont has developed hydrofluo... ...iverging nozzle where it is accelerated to supersonic speeds. The supersonic gas-liquid stream is directed onto components that require cleaning or cleanliness verification. The velocity imparted to the water by th e gas flow gives it sufficient momentum at impact to remove contaminants on the surface of the component being cleaned or verified while simultaneously dissolving the contaminant into the water, which can be captured for cleanliness verification. The flow parameters for the gas-liquid nozzle can be set so well-nigh any gas and liquid can be used for a desired flow and mixing ratio. In addition, the size and number of nozzles are adjustable. This adjustability makes it achievable to create sizes ranging from small handheld cleaning nozzles to very large multiple-nozzle configurations. Unfortunately, the cost and maintenance required for such a system is high.

Replacements to CFCs Essay -- CFC Environment Geology

Missing ChartWhat do CFCs do? CFCs argon commonly used as refrigerants, solvents in industrial cleaning applications, and as aerosol propellants. Why are CFCs being replaced? When CFCs work their way up into the stratosphere, UV radiotherapy from the Sun can break the molecule down, and release a chlorine speck. This chlorine mote then interacts with an ozone molecule (ozone is vital to the Earths placement in that it protects the open from harmful UV rays). This interaction results in the destruction of ozone and the eventual release of the chlorine atom to break apart another ozone. It has been estimated that one chlorine atom can dismantle about 100,000 ozone molecules. Ozones importance and the direct threat to it by CFCs, are the reasons behind the replacement of the chemicals. One thing to notice from the chart is the extremely high ODP for the Halon compounds. These compunds (as can be seen from their formulas) contain a bromine atom that can destroy more ozone when compared to a chlorine. This occurs because it takes longer for a bromine atom to be taken out of the stratusphere. Halons were used in foam blowing apparatuses for fire-retarding systems, but were phased out along with CFCs.Innovative chemical companies With the advent of the Montreal Protocol and other mandate to reduce the production and use of CFCs, companies have increased research and development of replacement system and/or chemicals. The companies that have produced proven products for cleaning, refrigeration, and propellant use are 3M and Dupont. Their products Dupont is a world renowned company whose major contributions include chemicals. On the order of CFC replacement, Dupont has developed hydrofluo... ...iverging nozzle where it is accelerated to supersonic speeds. The supersonic gas-liquid catamenia is directed onto components that require cleaning or cleanliness verification. The velocity imparted to the water by the gas flow gives it suffic ient momentum at impact to remove contaminants on the surface of the component being cleaned or verified while simultaneously dissolving the contaminant into the water, which can be captured for cleanliness verification. The flow parameters for the gas-liquid nozzle can be set so virtually any gas and liquid can be used for a desired flow and mixing ratio. In addition, the coat and number of nozzles are adjustable. This adjustability makes it possible to create sizes ranging from small handheld cleaning nozzles to very large multiple-nozzle configurations. Unfortunately, the cost and maintenance required for such a system is high.

Principles of Business

The Development of Economic Activity Hu spell Beings produce and consume goods and run from the resources in their environment. It is primarily for the reason that humankinds ar c every last(predicate)ed ECONOMIC ANIMAL, be coiffure he or she has the ability to use his or her hands and brain to pay his or her ready personal necessarily. These argon looked at as basic necessitate these needs ar food, shelter and clothing (Economic Activity). Economic Activity means activities which results in the contentment of needs.In rules of order to satisfy these needs, man engaged in certain(a) economic activity such as farming, fishing, hunting, trade hold, women stay home. cypher Production/ Direct Satisfaction of Wants Direct Production really means that human beings will all their needs for themselves and their family without the aid of oppositewises in other words, they do not reckon on others to supply. collateral Production/ Indirect Satisfaction of Wants Indirect Pro duction means that human beings exchange their surplus by barter with others in other words, human beings depend on others to do things for them Subsistence prudenceSubsistence Economy An sparing which provide just enough to survive, besides not to improve their way of life. BARTER formation Barter System is the exchange of goods or serve for other goods and services without the use of money. ADVANTAGE OF BARTER SYSTEM * It allowed hoi polloi to dispose of either surplus, they had at the same time obtain a variety of things they needed. * It en satisfactorys persons to wassail goods and services they could not produce. * Countries with foreign currency problems gouge get goods and services that they require. Countries that engage in trade go offnister strengthen their governmental and ethnic ties. injury OF BARTER SYSTEM * Double or co-incidence of postulates No trade rump take maneuver unless in that respect is double or co-incidence of wants that is your tradin g associate has what you want and wants what you create. * Time Consumption It could be challenging to incur willing partners. * Spoilage If an individual failed to find a suit satisfactory partner within a liable time ones wealth in goods could be destroyed. Un concern supplant There is the difficulty or unequal exchange where the values of some goods far overbalance the value of other goods. MONEY Money is any commodity that is full generally acceptable and is utilise as a medium of exchange and as a measure of value CHARACTERISTICS OF MONEY * Acceptability It must be readily acceptable by everyone * Durability It should not wear out easily * homogeneity it features should be identical * Divisibility Money should be able to be broken down into small units. Portability It should be easy to carry around. FUNCTIONS OF MONEY * Medium of Exchange Money makes the exchange of goods easier * Measure of Value Money can be used to say damages of goods * Store of Value Money can be deliver * Deferred Payment Money can be earned at one time and spent at another. DIVISION OF trade union movement OR SPECIALIZATION form of grok is sharing the work. The work is divided among persons and they specialize in doing their part of the process, specialization comes as a part of this. DIVISION OF LABOUR BY PRODUCTDivision of proletariat by product means people can do what they can do outgo in exchange for money and then using the money earned to get the goods and services of others. DIVISION OF LABOUR BY PROCESS Division of labour by process means by organizing end product into some(prenominal) stages workers become more specialized in their work and consequently they produce more. ADVANTAGES OF DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION * Workers become more expert in their jobs * Jobs become simpler and easier to learn * Output per person increases * Machinery and automation can be used Workers can more easily change jobs * Unit cost are reduced DISADVA NTAGES OF DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION * Work can be obtuse and boring thus resulting in poor worker motivating and the likelihood of a higher account of absentism * Workers creativity is restrain * Greater use of machinery can cause unemployment * Production can easily be stop by strikes ECONOMIC SYSTEM Economic System refers to the method by which a dry land or country plan to utilize its resources in order to achieve economic growth and to benefit its citizens. MAJOR ECONOMIC SYSTEMEvery country is given by an economic system as from to each one one system has to fix how to allocate its resources to meet the needs of the citizens. This is a problem because the worlds resources are limited in leave and mans wants are measureless. The economic is therefore deciding how to best to administer these scarce resources. The decision of what to produce or what choices to make from the limited resources available is influenced by the political situation within which the decision is make. In order to role resources all economic must answer to all these problems. PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM FACE contain Resources * Man wants are unconditioned * Scarcity * How to share resources * cream / decision No two countries are organized in the same way except they all remove to solve three basic problems as follows * What should be produced? * How much to produce? * How is it to be produce? * Where is it to be produce? There are four different economic systems which answer the foregoing questions. * Subsistence Economy * exempt grocery storeplace Economy Alternative score Capitalists, Laissez-faire * Controlled Economy Alternative name collectivizeds, Communist, Command Control * Mixed SUBSISTENCE parsimonyA subsistence thrift is one where there is little specialization and little trade. In such an economy people tend to detain in family groups and grow most of their own food. allay Market Economy In a free market economy there is little or no government interference in the economy. It is based on the orphic owner post of the factors of production and the means of the distri howevering goods and services. Market forces are allowed to determine how resources are allocated. usages of Free Market Economy is Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago, United deposits of America and Hong Kong Advantages of Free market Economy Individuals are free to make choices as to what they want to produce, where they who they want to work for, what damage they are going to charge for labour and also the price of their finished products * Customers can fix what to produce by influencing market prices * When consumers demands certain goods and services, they send messages to the producers who in turn will produce and meet the demands and thus satisfy the preference of consumers Disadvantages of Free market Economy * It encourages inequalities of wealth The more aright military controles whitethorn buy out the smaller ones thus reducing compet ition * moneyed people are more able to purchase and influence the market than smaller ones * Companies may be tempted to restrict supplies to keep prices high Planned / Controlled / Collectivist Economy In a controlled economy all economic decisions are make by the government. The pronounce of matter decides what to produce, how it is to be produced and how it should be allocated to consumers in other words, the country decides what the community needs and therefore demand is not influenced by the consumer.Examples of Controlled economies are Cuba and China. Advantages of Controlled Economy * State control eliminates wasteful competition * The state will provide goods that private enterprise will be unwilling to provide * It is impossible for private monopolies to fail * The state ensures that the needs of the community are met Disadvantages of Controlled Economy * Free enterprise and competition are discouraged * Creativeness and efficiency are not encourage MIXED ECONOMY M ixed economy is a crew of elements from free economy and a controlled economy.There is a general orbit controlled by the government which provides goods and services that the state feels it can manage most efficiently and a private sector in which individuals risk superior in producing goods and services for profit. ADVANTAGES OF MIXED ECONOMY * Individuals assimilate freedom of choice * Government can put in to protect citizens from unfair monopoly * Both the private and public sector may unite in producing goods. DISADVANTAGES OF MIXED ECONOMY * It is possible for private monopolies to develop withal many government regulations may discourage persons from owning a furrow GLOBALIZATION Globalization can be seen as the intensification and spread of world wide social, economic, cultural and political relationships among countries. BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION * Provision of high quality goods and services at a cheaper rate which is achieved through economies of scale * In contri neverthelessing to globalization firms not only provide goods and services economically but they also provide employment for people IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATIONThe impact of globalization has some adverse heart on small economies of the Caribbean. Large international firms that can produce high quality goods and services at a cheaper cost set challenges to small firms that are producing similar goods and services PRIMARY PRODUCTION Primary Production take ons activity which takes the natural resources from the earth, that is the filiation of raw materials and the growing of food. Example Mining, fishing farming and forestry second-string ProductionSecondary production involves manufacturing, processing and construction which transform raw materials into finish or semi-finished goods. Example baking, ship building and office construction. Tertiary Production Tertiary production includes the provision of serves example Hairdressing. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR The private sector is that part of the economy that is owned and controlled by private individuals and firms. Funds for the establishment of private logical argument operation are obtained through * Loans from Bank or Financial Institution * personalized Savings Financing from family and friends The public sector refers to subscriber line in the economy that are owned by government for the benefit of the public citizens. The main precedent is to provide goods and services to benefit the country. Funds will in the main com from taxation. Private sector enterprise will involve in manufacturing, mining etc and they are able to produce or provide the services they wish but they must abide by rules and regulation establish by the government, on the other hand, the public sector relies on the private sector for taxation to fight back the operations of the country.In most Caribbean countries we say that there is a mixed economy because some lineagees are privately owned and others are owned by the state ADVA NTAGES OF PRIVATE SECTOR TO A SOCIETY * Public Sector protects citizens from exploitation by powerful monopolies * Public sector provides employment for many persons * Public sector contributes to the economic lives of the country PUBLIC BUSINESS UNDERTAKINGS Public Corporations These are government or state owned line of productses that are primarily run by substitution government.Municipal Undertakings These are government owned businesses that are run primarily by the Local Government. These include market, parks and beaches Government Undertakings These departments carry out special functions such as education, health and finance REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING A BUSINESS * To earn a income * To make a profit- which is the result when a firms gross taxation revenue is greater than its total costs. Profit is important because it enables business to survive and grow, it also provides the owner with a return for taking the risk of losing money they have invested. To provide employment to persons in and around the community * To magnify production and increase the yearly sales of the firm * To produce a product that is either a good or service to the community * To have the satisfaction of being ones own boss SOLE dealerSHIP OR SOLE proprietorship The mend dealership or bushel proprietorship is defined as a one man business, this is so because he or she enters business on his or her own, therefore bearing the risk of the business and thus entitled to all the profits.Even when the sole dealer invites somebody else to assist in the running of the business, these individuals would be employees. They do not share in self-command of the business and the owner is responsible for decisions made concerning the business. * restore tradership is very easy to setup and operate. * It does not require any legal paperwork or registration. * Sole Trader is an unincorporated business, which means that the owner and business are one and same in the eyes of the law. This mean s that he conducts in his own name, his business is not separate from him. Sole Trader has unlimited liability which means that their personal assets can be clamed to settle the debts of their business that is why in the case of bankruptcy the sole trader baulks to lose his/ her personal belongings, if the business assets cannot cover his/her debts. In order to finance the business the sole trader may * Use his personal savings to start the business. * The sole trader may also borrow funds from family members or friends. * The sole trader may also get funds from financial institution such as ascribe unions, commercial banks or government sources as the business progresses. The sole trader may also reinvest or plough back some of the profits made in the business. The sole Trader may sell ownership of his business to someone else. If he/she dies then the business no longer exists. ADVANTAGES OF SOLE bar createer * The business is simple to start and usually requires only a small a mount of capital * Profits are not shared out * Decisions are made promptly and the new ideas put in place quick * The owner retains personal control over the direction and growth of his/her business DISADVANTAGES OF SOLE TRADER It is difficult to access capital if the sole trader wants to expand his business * The sole trader bears all the losses * The sole trader may have to work long hours and may not be able to take vacation when he wants to do so * Unlimited Liability , therefore in the case of bankruptcy he may lose his personal belongings to claim its debts * There is lack of continuity if the owner dies league An ordinary union is an association of two to twenty persons who are in business together with a view to earning a profit.This type of partnership may have general or active partners who are involved in the solar day to day operations of the business. A Sleeping partner is a partner who may be willing to introduce capital into a business but may not wish to take an active part in the running of the business In an ordinary partnership all partners have unlimited liability which means that they stand to lose not only their investment capital but also their personal assets. It is possible to have a limited partnership bit at least one partner mush accept unlimited liability.Partnership is formed amongst partners, partners may share in the management of the business or may serve as the manager or they may employ someone to manage the business Partners are free to decide any(prenominal) show they like amongst themselves as to what rules will govern their organization. Partners have a written arrangement or deed. A partnership deed sets out the rights of each partner as to the division of profits. The deed sets out * The name of the business and the date the business started * The type of business and the location of the business Details of each partner * The amount of capital each partner invested * How profits to be shared * The obligation of each partner in the business In financing a partnership business all partners pool their savings together, loans and retained. Profits are shared by the deed drawn up by the partners, the absence of the deed means that profits are shared equally. In a partnership all partners are held personally responsible for all debts of the business. If one partner cannot fulfill his obligations then the other partner will bear all the losses. A partnership may be terminated When partner or partners decide to sell their share of the partnership to someone else. When this occurs a new partners are brought in. * If it becomes insolvent or bankrupt * When all parties agree to terminate the business ADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP * It is easy to form as there are few legal formalities * much capital is available to foster growth and development. * Workload can be shared amongst partners DISADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP * If a partner makes a mistake all partners stand to lose * Each partner is liable for the debts of the business * achievable disagreements between partners Membership limit of twenty which restricts resources of the business CO-OPERATIVES A conjunct is a form of business that is owned and controlled by a group of persons who have a common interest and who have an equal say in operation. Types of accommodatings * Producer Cooperative In this type of cooperative society members are in their business of producing example in a farming community * Buyers Cooperatives This is a type of cooperative in which persons who use a particular good in their business operations come together to purchase that good in large quantities and gain benefits of discounts. Financial Cooperatives This is a service oriented society. It brings together persons who have a common interest. The aim is for members to pool their resources in the provision of service * Workers Cooperative are businesses that are owned and run by their own workforces. Example the crews of a bus company Cooperative is governed by a general meeting. The meeting is held p.a. and it is at this meeting that a committee is appointed to negociate the day to day affairs of the cooperative.The cooperative is controlled by its members. Each member contributes to share capital of the cooperative. Members finance the cooperative through the purchase of shares Shareholders receives dividends if the cooperative makes a profit from its operation. The amount of dividend is related to the number of shares held. Dividends are generally small, since the major goal is not to make a profit but to provide a service to its members. Earnings from a cooperative are not totally consumed in the salary of dividend.Most of these are ploughed back into the cooperatives to finance operational needs identified by the members. ADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVES * Members benefit from the pooling of funds for the purpose of lending to other members * Members have equal say in the operation of business as hearty as in the decisio n making of the cooperatives * Members are the owners of the cooperative society * Employment is created within the organization DISADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVES * Profits may be small or non existent * Shortage or lack of capital may inhibit growth and cause problemsPrinciples of BusinessThe Development of Economic Activity Human Beings produce and consume goods and services from the resources in their environment. It is primarily for the reason that humans are called ECONOMIC ANIMAL, because he or she has the ability to use his or her hands and brain to satisfy his or her immediate personal needs. These are looked at as basic needs these needs are food, shelter and clothing (Economic Activity). Economic Activity means activities which results in the satisfaction of needs.In order to satisfy these needs, man engaged in certain economic activity such as farming, fishing, hunting, trade form, women stay home. Direct Production/ Direct Satisfaction of Wants Direct Production really mean s that human beings provide all their needs for themselves and their family without the aid of others in other words, they do not depend on others to provide. Indirect Production/ Indirect Satisfaction of Wants Indirect Production means that human beings exchange their surplus by barter with others in other words, human beings depend on others to do things for them Subsistence EconomySubsistence Economy An economy which provide just enough to survive, but not to improve their way of life. BARTER SYSTEM Barter System is the exchange of goods or services for other goods and services without the use of money. ADVANTAGE OF BARTER SYSTEM * It allowed people to dispose of any surplus, they had at the same time obtain a variety of things they needed. * It enables persons to enjoy goods and services they could not produce. * Countries with foreign currency problems can get goods and services that they require. Countries that engage in trade can strengthen their political and cultural ties. DISADVANTAGE OF BARTER SYSTEM * Double or co-incidence of wants No trade can take place unless there is double or co-incidence of wants that is your trading partner has what you want and wants what you have. * Time Consumption It could be challenging to find willing partners. * Spoilage If an individual failed to find a suitable partner within a reasonable time ones wealth in goods could be destroyed. Unequal Exchange There is the difficulty or unequal exchange where the values of some goods far outweigh the value of other goods. MONEY Money is any commodity that is generally acceptable and is used as a medium of exchange and as a measure of value CHARACTERISTICS OF MONEY * Acceptability It must be readily acceptable by everyone * Durability It should not wear out easily * Homogeneity it features should be identical * Divisibility Money should be able to be broken down into smaller units. Portability It should be easy to carry around. FUNCTIONS OF MONEY * Medium of Exchang e Money makes the exchange of goods easier * Measure of Value Money can be used to state prices of goods * Store of Value Money can be saved * Deferred Payment Money can be earned at one time and spent at another. DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION Division of labour is sharing the work. The work is divided among persons and they specialize in doing their part of the process, specialization comes as a part of this. DIVISION OF LABOUR BY PRODUCTDivision of labour by product means people can do what they can do best in exchange for money and then using the money earned to buy the goods and services of others. DIVISION OF LABOUR BY PROCESS Division of labour by process means by organizing production into many stages workers become more specialized in their work and consequently they produce more. ADVANTAGES OF DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION * Workers become more expert in their jobs * Jobs become simpler and easier to learn * Output per person increases * Machinery and auto mation can be used Workers can more easily change jobs * Unit cost are reduced DISADVANTAGES OF DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION * Work can be tedious and boring thus resulting in poor worker motivation and the likelihood of a higher rate of absentism * Workers creativity is limited * Greater use of machinery can cause unemployment * Production can easily be stopped by strikes ECONOMIC SYSTEM Economic System refers to the method by which a nation or country plan to utilize its resources in order to achieve economic growth and to benefit its citizens. MAJOR ECONOMIC SYSTEMEvery country is given by an economic system as each system has to decide how to allocate its resources to meet the needs of the citizens. This is a problem because the worlds resources are limited in supply and mans wants are unlimited. The economic is therefore deciding how to best to share these scarce resources. The decision of what to produce or what choices to make from the limited resources available is i nfluenced by the political situation within which the decision is made. In order to share resources all economic must answer to all these problems. PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM FACE Limited Resources * Man wants are unlimited * Scarcity * How to share resources * Choice / decision No two countries are organized in the same way but they all have to solve three basic problems as follows * What should be produced? * How much to produce? * How is it to be produce? * Where is it to be produce? There are four different economic systems which answer the foregoing questions. * Subsistence Economy * Free Market Economy Alternative name Capitalists, Laissez-faire * Controlled Economy Alternative name Collectivists, Communist, Command Control * Mixed SUBSISTENCE ECONOMYA subsistence economy is one where there is little specialization and little trade. In such an economy people tend to live in family groups and grow most of their own food. Free Market Economy In a free market economy there is little or no government interference in the economy. It is based on the private ownership of the factors of production and the means of the distributing goods and services. Market forces are allowed to determine how resources are allocated. Examples of Free Market Economy is Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America and Hong Kong Advantages of Free market Economy Individuals are free to make choices as to what they want to produce, where they who they want to work for, what price they are going to charge for labour and also the price of their finished products * Customers can decide what to produce by influencing market prices * When consumers demands certain goods and services, they send messages to the producers who in turn will produce and meet the demands and thus satisfy the preference of consumers Disadvantages of Free market Economy * It encourages inequalities of wealth The more powerful businesses may buy out the smaller ones thus reducing competition * Wea lthy people are more able to purchase and influence the market than smaller ones * Companies may be tempted to restrict supplies to keep prices high Planned / Controlled / Collectivist Economy In a controlled economy all economic decisions are made by the government. The state decides what to produce, how it is to be produced and how it should be allocated to consumers in other words, the state decides what the community needs and therefore demand is not influenced by the consumer.Examples of Controlled economies are Cuba and China. Advantages of Controlled Economy * State control eliminates wasteful competition * The state will provide goods that private enterprise will be unwilling to provide * It is impossible for private monopolies to develop * The state ensures that the needs of the community are met Disadvantages of Controlled Economy * Free enterprise and competition are discouraged * Creativeness and efficiency are not encouraged MIXED ECONOMY Mixed economy is a combination of elements from free economy and a controlled economy.There is a public sector controlled by the government which provides goods and services that the state feels it can manage most efficiently and a private sector in which individuals risk capital in producing goods and services for profit. ADVANTAGES OF MIXED ECONOMY * Individuals have freedom of choice * Government can intervene to protect citizens from unfair monopoly * Both the private and public sector may unite in producing goods. DISADVANTAGES OF MIXED ECONOMY * It is possible for private monopolies to develop Too many government regulations may discourage persons from owning a business GLOBALIZATION Globalization can be seen as the intensification and spread of world wide social, economic, cultural and political relationships among countries. BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION * Provision of high quality goods and services at a cheaper rate which is achieved through economies of scale * In contributing to globalization firms not on ly provide goods and services economically but they also provide employment for people IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATIONThe impact of globalization has some adverse effect on small economies of the Caribbean. Large international firms that can produce high quality goods and services at a cheaper cost set challenges to small firms that are producing similar goods and services PRIMARY PRODUCTION Primary Production includes activity which takes the natural resources from the earth, that is the extraction of raw materials and the growing of food. Example Mining, fishing farming and forestry Secondary ProductionSecondary production involves manufacturing, processing and construction which transform raw materials into finish or semi-finished goods. Example baking, ship building and office construction. Tertiary Production Tertiary production includes the provision of serves example Hairdressing. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR The private sector is that part of the economy that is owned and controlled by private individuals and firms. Funds for the establishment of private business operation are obtained through * Loans from Bank or Financial Institution * Personal Savings Financing from family and friends The public sector refers to business in the economy that are owned by government for the benefit of the public citizens. The main motive is to provide goods and services to benefit the country. Funds will mainly com from taxation. Private sector enterprise will involve in manufacturing, mining etc and they are able to produce or provide the services they wish but they must abide by rules and regulation establish by the government, on the other hand, the public sector relies on the private sector for taxation to maintain the operations of the country.In most Caribbean countries we say that there is a mixed economy because some businesses are privately owned and others are owned by the state ADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE SECTOR TO A SOCIETY * Public Sector protects citizens from exploitati on by powerful monopolies * Public sector provides employment for many persons * Public sector contributes to the economic lives of the country PUBLIC BUSINESS UNDERTAKINGS Public Corporations These are government or state owned businesses that are primarily run by Central government.Municipal Undertakings These are government owned businesses that are run primarily by the Local Government. These include market, parks and beaches Government Undertakings These departments carry out special functions such as education, health and finance REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING A BUSINESS * To earn a income * To make a profit- which is the result when a firms sales revenue is greater than its total costs. Profit is important because it enables business to survive and grow, it also provides the owner with a return for taking the risk of losing money they have invested. To provide employment to persons in and around the community * To expand production and increase the yearly sales of the firm * To pro duce a product that is either a good or service to the community * To have the satisfaction of being ones own boss SOLE TRADERSHIP OR SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP The sole tradership or sole proprietorship is defined as a one man business, this is so because he or she enters business on his or her own, therefore bearing the risk of the business and thus entitled to all the profits.Even when the sole trader invites someone else to assist in the running of the business, these individuals would be employees. They do not share in ownership of the business and the owner is responsible for decisions made concerning the business. * Sole tradership is very easy to setup and operate. * It does not require any legal paperwork or registration. * Sole Trader is an unincorporated business, which means that the owner and business are one and same in the eyes of the law. This means that he conducts in his own name, his business is not separate from him. Sole Trader has unlimited liability which means that their personal assets can be clamed to settle the debts of their business that is why in the case of bankruptcy the sole trader stands to lose his/ her personal belongings, if the business assets cannot cover his/her debts. In order to finance the business the sole trader may * Use his personal savings to start the business. * The sole trader may also borrow funds from family members or friends. * The sole trader may also get funds from financial institution such as credit unions, commercial banks or government sources as the business progresses. The sole trader may also reinvest or plough back some of the profits made in the business. The sole Trader may sell ownership of his business to someone else. If he/she dies then the business no longer exists. ADVANTAGES OF SOLE TRADER * The business is simple to start and usually requires only a small amount of capital * Profits are not shared * Decisions are made promptly and the new ideas put in place quickly * The owner retains personal control over the direction and growth of his/her business DISADVANTAGES OF SOLE TRADER It is difficult to access capital if the sole trader wants to expand his business * The sole trader bears all the losses * The sole trader may have to work long hours and may not be able to take vacation when he wants to do so * Unlimited Liability , therefore in the case of bankruptcy he may lose his personal belongings to claim its debts * There is lack of continuity if the owner dies PARTNERSHIP An ordinary partnership is an association of two to twenty persons who are in business together with a view to earning a profit.This type of partnership may have general or active partners who are involved in the day to day operations of the business. A Sleeping partner is a partner who may be willing to introduce capital into a business but may not wish to take an active part in the running of the business In an ordinary partnership all partners have unlimited liability which means that they stand to lose not only their investment capital but also their personal assets. It is possible to have a limited partnership bit at least one partner mush accept unlimited liability.Partnership is formed amongst partners, partners may share in the management of the business or may serve as the manager or they may employ someone to manage the business Partners are free to decide whatever arrangement they like amongst themselves as to what rules will govern their organization. Partners have a written arrangement or deed. A partnership deed sets out the rights of each partner as to the division of profits. The deed sets out * The name of the business and the date the business started * The type of business and the location of the business Details of each partner * The amount of capital each partner invested * How profits to be shared * The responsibility of each partner in the business In financing a partnership business all partners pool their savings together, loans and retained. Profits are shared by the deed drawn up by the partners, the absence of the deed means that profits are shared equally. In a partnership all partners are held personally responsible for all debts of the business. If one partner cannot fulfill his obligations then the other partner will bear all the losses. A partnership may be terminated When partner or partners decide to sell their share of the partnership to someone else. When this occurs a new partners are brought in. * If it becomes insolvent or bankrupt * When all parties agree to terminate the business ADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP * It is easy to form as there are few legal formalities * More capital is available to foster growth and development. * Workload can be shared amongst partners DISADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP * If a partner makes a mistake all partners stand to lose * Each partner is liable for the debts of the business * Possible disagreements between partners Membership limit of twenty which restricts resources of the business CO-OP ERATIVES A cooperative is a form of business that is owned and controlled by a group of persons who have a common interest and who have an equal say in operation. Types of Cooperatives * Producer Cooperative In this type of cooperative society members are in their business of producing example in a farming community * Buyers Cooperatives This is a type of cooperative in which persons who use a particular good in their business operations come together to purchase that good in large quantities and gain benefits of discounts. Financial Cooperatives This is a service oriented society. It brings together persons who have a common interest. The aim is for members to pool their resources in the provision of service * Workers Cooperative Are businesses that are owned and run by their own workforces. Example the crews of a bus company Cooperative is governed by a general meeting. The meeting is held annually and it is at this meeting that a committee is appointed to handle the day to day af fairs of the cooperative.The cooperative is controlled by its members. Each member contributes to share capital of the cooperative. Members finance the cooperative through the purchase of shares Shareholders receives dividends if the cooperative makes a profit from its operation. The amount of dividend is related to the number of shares held. Dividends are generally small, since the major goal is not to make a profit but to provide a service to its members. Earnings from a cooperative are not totally consumed in the payment of dividend.Most of these are ploughed back into the cooperatives to finance operational needs identified by the members. ADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVES * Members benefit from the pooling of funds for the purpose of lending to other members * Members have equal say in the operation of business as well as in the decision making of the cooperatives * Members are the owners of the cooperative society * Employment is created within the organization DISADVANTAGES OF CO-O PERATIVES * Profits may be small or non existent * Shortage or lack of capital may inhibit growth and cause problems

Causes of communication problems Essay

It exhibits itself when team members always want to protect and defend make interests. There is no openness and parley is always argumentative with team members trying to outdo each other as regards explaining why they are decline and their colleagues wrong (Peter, 1988). Different expectations Divergent views on individual roles and responsibilities and authority structure results in tension and communication breakdown. Confusion Chaos over roles, processes and responsibilities resulting from inadequate or inaccurate information can lead to loss of productivity and communication breakdown.Loss of momentum Results when team members arent all working toward project supremacy leading to a lag in project progress. Frustration ensues when some teammates feel they are being pulled back. The once smooth communication turns into one of hitchhike pointing further aggravating the loss of momentum. Dissatisfaction A project is headed towards doom when teammates find it is no fun going to work. Such a project is likely to be behind schedule and out of budget. Communication among project team is strained. Lack of commitment Poor communication could result when team members are not amply committed to the project success (Peter, 1988).Unconscious incompetence An inexperienced person in the team who doesnt deduce their limitations focuses mainly on the documentation flavor instead of dwelling on problem solving. This is because the team member should quickly learn to solve problems as they occur. Avoiding miscommunication Being receptive to mentoring New job entrants should understand that they can benefit from learning from those who are older in the job. Managers should also avoid instructing new job entrants to do the difficult tasks as this is not conducive for one who needs to learn.Stress management Close monitoring and periodic management of stress levels among project team will do justice to the general performance of the project. A Stress-free team exhibits good communication (Peter, 1988). Stimulate fun Monitoring the level of fun in the team and working towards stimulating the resembling is of importance to the success of the project goals. Proper communication is more likely to result. Quickly resolve issues This ensures timely restoration of diminished project momentum to take on for project progress. Mechanisms for resolution of disputes should be known and utilized by all (Ferdinand, 1978).Make oneself a trusted leader A leader who has 100% automatic followers will initiate proper communication. The leader will offer a clear direction, decision making and problem solving if needed. Open communication Holding a sober session to discuss decision making procedures, roles of team members and authority hierarchy among other pertinent issues will clear both doubts among team mates. Misunderstandings will be ironed out as well as trying to make expectations of team members alike. Build trust among members This comes about when membe rs reinforce their promises and perform their roles towards the project (Ferdinand, 1978).

Differences in Competencies Between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses Essay

Differences in Competencies Between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses nursing education can be confusing because there are so many ways to become a nurse. However, throughout history, nurse leaders have advocated the importance of higher education for nurses. But as nurse shortages developed, the choose for more(prenominal) and more nurses became apparent. To help solve the nursing shortage problem, Mildred Montag developed the henchman dot of nursing program (ADN) in 1952. It was designed to be established in two years and provide a balance of general nursing education along with clinical courses.The original program designed by Mildred Montag was for chap degree nurses to work under the supervision of professional baccalaureate prepared nurses. Due to confusion, the graduates of the link up degree nursing program were allowed to sit for the home(a) Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX-RN). This NCLEX exam was the same exam given to baccalaureate degree nurs es (Creasia & Friberg, 2011). Now, associate degree nurses can be found in al closely every setting from hospitals to long term wield facilities.However, even though associate nurses have the skills to provide adequate patient role care, the advanced education of the baccalaureate degree nurse provides leadership skills, advanced critical thinking skill and improved patient outcomes (Lane & Kohlenberg, 2010). Therefore, in recent years the difference in competencies between the associate degree nurse and the baccalaureate degree nurse has been examined, resulting in a push for more nurses to obtain a bachelors degree (BSN). Associate degree nursing programs teach the technical aspect of nursing care. An associate prepared nurse can function well at the bedside.She can monitor the patients needs and record the outcomes of treatments. An associate prepared nurse can use critical thinking skills to determine her best course of action in most situations. But the constantly changing fie ld of healthcare is demanding higher enlightened nurses. It is demanding nurses that are more professional and have an understanding of theory based coif. Nursing and medical organizations across the nation are recommending that all RNs advance their education. An advanced level of education can improve patient safety and quality of care (Fact Sheet Creating, 2013).This has been evidenced by numerous studies on the correlation between higher educated nurses and patient outcomes. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania conducted a cogitation that found surgical patients had 14% lower odds of dying as an inpatient within 30 days when being cared for by higher educated nurses. Another study conducted at the University of Toronto found hospitals that increased their pool of baccalaureate prepared nurses by just 10% had a decrease in finish of discharged patients (Fact Sheet Creating, 2013).To fully understand the differences in competencies between an ADN and a BSN, it may be ne cessary to evaluate how each would perform in a specific patient care situation. For example, a 66 year male is hospitalized with an open wound on his leg. The wound is positive for MRSA and the patient is diabetic. The associate degree nurse dresses the wound properly, and teaches the patient how to take care of the wound. She helps manage the patients diabetes and teaches him how to manage it at home. The patient is discharged home with book of instructions and prescriptions.He is re-admitted a week later with high blood sugars and a worsening leg wound. The same patient is cared for by a nurse with a BSN. During his stay the nurse dresses his wound properly, and manages his blood sugar levels. During her time with him, the nurse questions the patient about his family and his home. Through casual conversation she discovers the patient lives alone, but his girlfriend lives close by. She alike learns he is unable to clean his home properly, but he is adamant about staying there.W ith the patients permission, the nurse contacts the patients daughter to learn more about the challenges the patient faces in caring for himself. After talking with the daughter, the nurse discovers the patient has not had an eye exam in 5 years and his vision is poor. He does not follow a diabetic diet and prefers to eat out rather than cook at home. gird with this new information, the nurse talks with the patient. She tactfully points out his vision problems and poor diet choices. The patient admits he needs new glasses, but cannot afford them. He admits to having trouble seeing the numbers on his insulin syringe.He also states following a diabetic diet is too difficult so he doesnt bother. The nurse takes this information to the hospitals case management team and together they get home health care that will help him with his dressings. They also manage to find help to clean his home and funding to get him new glasses. The nurse then makes an appointment for the patient for diabe tic teaching provided by the hospital. Prior to discharge the nurse teaches the daughter how to change the wound dressing and how to give insulin injections. She encourages the daughter to go withthe patient to diabetic education classes. The BSN nurse did more than just discharge the patient.She used the metaparadigm of nursing model to treat the patient as a whole. The metaparadigm consists of person, environment, health, nursing and how they all interact with each other. (Gunther, 2011). She recognized the patient was an individual person with individual health needs. She discovered his physical and environmental challenges and learned how they were affecting his health. Utilizing the information she obtained she found the patient the appropriate help for his situation.The associate degree nurse is certainly capable of taking care of patients in almost any healthcare setting. However, healthcare is changing rapidly with increased on the qui vive and short lengths of stay and nur sing must change with it by producing more professional, well-educated nurses. References Creasia, J. L. , & Friberg, E. E. (2011). Pathways of Nursing Education. In M. Iannuzzi, & R. Richman (Eds. ), Conceptual foundations The bridge to professional nursing utilization (5th ed. (pp. 23-26). PageBurst. Retrieved from www. elsevier.com Fact sheet Creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce. (2013). Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-workforce Gunther, M. (2011). Theories and frameworks for professional nursing practice. In M. Iannuzzi, & R. Richman (Eds. ), Conceptual foundations The bridge to professional nursing practice (5th ed. (pp. 97-99). PageBurst. Retrieved from www. elsevier. com Lane, S. H. , & Kohlenberg, E. (2010). The future of baccalaureate degrees for nurses. Nursing Forum, 45(4), 218-227. doi10. 1111/j. 1744-6198. 2010. 00194.

Buddhist protestant

At first glance, the Protestant and Buddhist religions do non appear to have often in common. However, some of the rituals observed in champion have parallel rituals observed in the other. At the structural level, thither argon more comparisons than contrasts to be made. If the view is expanded to include the followers of severally religion, however, many more contrasts than comparisons can be observed. It is the people, the Protestants and the Buddhists, that make the religions different, due to teachings that cannot necessarily be observed.The customs of each religion pass on be detailed, and the similarities and differences made clear, in the essay that follows. This particular Sunday morning Protestant overhaul begins at nine o clock, though the schedule is far from rigid. Members of the congregation argon mill ab expose happily about, most wearing smiles that are wide and bright. Some of them spot me as a new(a)comer as soon as I quantity through the doorway, and they r ush to shake my hand and introduce themselves. (One of these is Tobias Scouten, who agrees to be interviewed for this essay.) Protestants in this particular church, and this may be the same everywhere, are always welcoming new members. This is evidenced almost immediately after the service begins. The room, which Scouten calls the sanctuary, is dimly lit, except for the stage. Three spotlights illuminate the entire stage. There are candles burning on either side, but the overabundant aromas are carpet cleaner and the various mingled odors of the people filling the room. After a few songs, which are sung with bulky ecstasy by the entire congregation, the preacher takes the stage.His smile is perhaps brightest of all, and he makes a point of welcoming any visitors who might be in the audience. (There are no pews in this sanctuary the worshippers are seated in cushioned chairs, which are arranged in long rows. ) He then offers up the microphone to anyone who has a testimony to shar e. Testimonies, in this context, means a story in which congregation members spread the letter or the spirit of the message. Examples shared this morning include a few bags of groceries purchased for a needy family, an invitation extended to a despairing nonbeliever, and a night spent in prayer over a friends sick father.The congregation encourages these stories with calls of Amen and Praise Jesus. In this way, individual church members are rewarded, if with nothing more than the acclaim of their peers, for helping the Protestant faith as a whole to grow. The testimonies are followed by a musical performance. A young man and a young woman take the stage, the former holding a cordless microphone and the latter wearing an acoustic guitar. While they sing, the congregation sits back and listens, though a few scattered Amen calls can be comprehend at crucial moments in the lyrics. When the pastor returns to the stage, he reads from the Bible.He pauses during this reading to clarify ce rtain points, bringing the ancient writing into more current context. After the reading, he relates an family anecdote, which in the end returns to the theme (this week, the church is focusing on forgiveness) discussed in the Bible passage. This is the just now time during the service that everyone in the audience is quiet. whole eyes are on the pastor as he walks up and down the stage, speaking through a head gear up microphone. His pacing is matched to the tone of his voice when his meretriciousness increases, so does the length of his stride.Upon speaking the final words of his sermon, he allows full silence to descend on the congregation for a full five seconds in the lead requesting everyone bow their heads in prayer. There is another song, again sung by the entire congregation, and the service comes to a close. No one appears to be in much of a hurry to leave the sanctuary. Many of the worshippers turn to each other and recommence the mingling in which they had been indulg ing before the service began. At this point, Tobias Scouten escorts me out of the sanctuary and into what he terms the fellowship hall for coffee and cookies.We seat ourselves at one of the many tables, and he fills in the blanks for me. The information Mr. Scouten provides will be put to use when the Protestant practice is compared with the Buddhist practice, following the explanation of the latter. A small group of people, fifty or so, on a candid day, according to archimandrite Bai Tue, comes together at nine o clock on Saturday mornings for an English-language Zen service. The temple is a modest building, which consists of one large showdown roomcalled the Zendoand a few smaller rooms.Among these lesser chambers, the Abbot has an office, a bathroom, and a kitchenette. Upon entering the building, it is required that I remove my shoes. In a coatroom just internal the front door, every pair of shoes is stowed in a separate cubby. Not many of the cubbies are used, either becaus e the temple does not attract a large group of regulars or because more people choose to attend the Sunday morning Japanese-language service. As it is, I am conjugated with less than twenty people in the temple. These people are dressed casually, in comfortable clothes, to make seated meditation more peaceful.As I will be told later, it is requested that people wear clothes that will not make much noise when the wearer moves, as this might be distracting during the meditation period. The dominant aroma here is one of aggravate, though the exact scent is unknown. Behind where the Abbot sits, a display consisting of a small Boddhisatva statue, a cup of incense sticks, and several burning sticks which are poking out of the base of the statue. The Zendo itself looks to be all natural wood, without muchif anypaint on the walls or ceiling.As the Abbot will tell me later, the sight of natural wood calms those who come to the temple to meditate it allows them to feel surrounded by nature, even while they are inside the building. No one says a word while they set up for the service. Cushions are retrieved from a closet off the main room for everyone to sit on, for there are no chairs. Silence, the Abbot will tell me, is required in the Zendo. The temples attendance might be small, but this matters little to those who do come regularly. They do not come to meet with the other members of the Sanghameaning the groupthey come to experience something within themselves.The service begins with the ringing of a savour bell and a chanting ritual, alternating between the Abbot and the Sangha. The nature of this chanting is the offering up of the mind and the prostration of the body to something higher. This higher prototype is not a being, but rather a state of being enlightenment. It is a myth that Buddhists worship Buddha. They look to him as a leader, more of an fashion model than a personification of judgment and the resulting punishment or reward. Following the chants , there is a type of sermon made by the Abbot, though the Sangha are advance to turn inward while listening.The words are not to be taken at face value, but to be seen as portals beyond which great meaning can be found. The Sangha meditates during this time, and after a short period the Abbot falls silent. Within the Zendo, not a sound can be heard. The remote location of the temple becomes a notable positive at this point, as the only noise from outside is the rather soothing rush of the turn in the trees. The meditation lasts almost an hour and a half, after which Abbot Bai Tue invites anyone with questions related to the temple in particular or the Buddhist practice in general to stay and talk.Though I am not the only person to remain once the meditation is over, it quickly becomes clear that I am the only visitor to the temple this morning. The Abbot is more than willing to provide answers for me, though he does not lead me in my interview at all. Even now, the calculate is a personal one. He speaks only when a question is posed, and his responses are concise and to-the-point. As stated in the introduction, the comparisons to be made between the religions are mostly structural. Both Protestants and Buddhists come together to practice.They begin with acts of participation, with songs in the Protestant church and chants in the Buddhist temple. Then a leader takes control of the service and gives the congregation or the Sangha what they cannot receive anywhere else. But even in these similarities, there are intrinsic differences. Mr. Scouten tells me he sings in order to show his gratitude and grapple for the Lord. According to Abbot Bai Tue, the chants have a different purpose they prepare the mind for meditation. It would seem that the Protestant songs are sung for God, while the Buddhist chants are done for personal preparations.When the sermon begins, the Protestants are listening closely to each word spoken, and vocal responses are encouraged. In the Buddhist temple, the sermon is meant only to set the stage, and such responses are discouraged. These differences point to a fundamental contrast between the two religions. The Protestant faith is founded on the concept of propagation, and the practitioners of the faith take great pride in aiding that propagation. Diametrically, the Buddhist faith is about looking inward and finding peace within oneself. Bibliography Scouten, Tobias. Personal Interview. 18 February 2007. Tue, Bai. Personal Interview. 24 February 2007.

Gun Control vs. Crime Rate

Jessica Vickers Dr. Jonne Akens Engl 1302 25 February 2013 Gun Control vs. Crime Rate check to the Second Amendment of the Constitution of the get together States of America, A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and arise Arms shall not be infringed. In this very amendment lies the main issue of gun hear into. To many another(prenominal), the language of the amendment appears to grant to the people the absolute right to bear arms. However, the U. S.Supreme royal court has held that the amendment merely protects the right of states to form a state militia. (Kimberlin) Gun take in, or the compulsory of firearms, is any act or proposal by any local, state, or federal agency to inhibit, deter, or prohibit the possession of firearms by any law abiding U. S. citizen. Some believe that by controlling the peoples possession of firearms, the crazy villainy vagabond will decrease. However, this is not the driv e. The controlling of firearms, also known as an infringement of the second amendment, is irrelevant to the reduction of hazardous crime.Instead, throw out investigation into the criminals motives and state of mind will better resolve the rate of crime in our country. The Second Amendment is a mere twenty-seven dustup long. However, both campaigns of the gun control debate obtain such different interpretations from those words. The gun-control campaign interprets the Second Amendment as if it is specifically referring to militias. The Gun-rights supporters say all the other amendments concenter on individual rights, as does 2A. The Second Amendment helps protect what is promised in the other nine and that it is a line the government is forbidden to cross. (Kimberlin) Kimberlin also states that, not many nations have firearms enshrined into their constitutions, scarce in 1789 the Founding Fathers thought that guns were important enough to deserve one of 10 amendments that make up the Bill of Rights. If the possession of guns for our personalised protection were not an important factor, they would not be included into such an important document to our country. What the Second Amendment means, more than two centuries later, seems to depend on which human face of the gun issue you are on. (Kimberlin) This being so, nurture investigation of this amendment is necessary to becoming more informed on this fiery debate. Gun control is a very heavily debated return at this point in time, especially since the shootings at Newtown and Sandy repeal have taken place. But this has been a topic of debate ever since the Prohibition Area of the early twentieth century. However, these pot shootings have triggered new debates on this controversial issue.In the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary, Adam Lanza entered the school carrying multiple firearms and shot at students, as well as teachers, later on shooting his mother at their home in Newtown, CT. These shooting s prompted further debate on the rising issue of gun control and have brought a proposal to legislation in which the sale and manufacture of certain semi-automatic firearms and magazines dimension more than ten rounds of ammunition would be banned, and reduced rag to certain firearms would be enforced.Although this shooting was a very tragic event, are firearms really the fuss? Or should we be venturing further and investigating the minds of these criminals before they even pick up a weapon? According to Joe Wicked, on the other side of this debate, there are concerns addressing the psychological health aspect, addressing the illegal activities associated with firearms and that the law abiding citizens should be left the right to own the types of firearms and magazines that they desire and have the ability to maintain introduction to both the firearms and/or magazines that they choose. This side of the gun control debate points to a story in which, a young man present when a grease-gun began shooting at the Clackamas Mall in Portland Oregon, Nick Meli, heard the first shots fired and pulled out his concealed weapon and confronted the shooter. He did not fire, as he did not want to risk bystanders lives. The gunman then ran and took his own life (Benner, 2012). The latter side of the debate shows how civilians are capable of stopping a crime before the police are able to arrive. Some even claim that more guns will help to control the crime and prevent mass shootings from occurring. (Wicked) After being subjected to so much information, how is the reader to know which side is right? According to Wicked, This can be a difficult question to final result and requires detailed analysis to come to an informed decision. Studies that have been done on the issue of gun control have found many things that gun control affects and many things that it does not affect. One key item that studies have found is that gun control laws affect the use of specific guns in vi olent crimes, but do not affect the rate of crime itself. The controlling of firearms by either banning the sale, transfer, importation, or manufacture of, as well as controlling the amount of ammunition available and the storage of that ammunition, is irrelevant to the reduction of violent crime. When debating the effect that a particular law, or ban of item, has on the rate of violent crime, it is beneficial to look back at the effect that laws and bans similar to these have had on the crime rate throughout history. The 1994 Assault Weapons ban which Dianne Feinstein proposed and that of which Congress passed would be a prime example. This ban specifically selected fire arms that looked like the firearms militaries around the world used. These types of weapons are weapons not commonly used in crime. In 2010 handguns comprised 68. 5% of all gun murders in the United States (FBI, 2010). This means that in the remaining 31. 5% of gun murders, shotguns, hunting rifles, and the banned assault weapons. Rifles constituted 0. 6% of all murders by gun. The banned assault weapons make up a subset of these rifles. We know that less than 0. 6% of all murders were by these weapons that were banned. (Wicked) Another way to look at the effectiveness of prior firearm bans, according to Wicked, is to look at the crime rate after the ban was lifted or, as in the case of the 1994 Assault Weapons ban, the ban expired. The FBI data from 2010 shows that the five year trend in crime is that it continues to decline. Further drill downs of the data show that on average the crime rates in all categories are on the decline in the United States. If the ban were effective on reducing violent crime, the expectation would be that the crime rates would increase when the ban is lifted or it expires.Crime rates continuing to decline after the lifting of the ban suggests that factors other than the ban are affecting crime rates. (FBI, 2010). (Wicked) This information further supports the fa ct that there is no correlation between the controlling of firearms and the reduction of violent crime. Crime rates decreased after the expiration of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban, and the evidence clearly shows that the banning of a certain weapon, cause that particular weapon to be more difficult to purchase, or causing a firearm to be too expensive to purchase will only ffect which weapon is chosen to commit a crime, not reduce the rate of crime. Instead of deciding to ban a weapon as a response to a tragedy, the leaders of our country would better serve the people of the United States by conducting a study into the causes in society which create the situations that lead to violent crime and addressing those root causes, whether it be mental health, violent movies and games, lack of access to proper education, or whatever other root factor.Addressing the causes of the crimes will produce better long-term results in reducing violent crimes. (Wicked) The shooters in these violent crimes were denied from buy firearms and in most cases resorted to taking them from a legal owner. How would gun control laws prevent this situation from happening in the future?Perhaps a mental health screening and identifying there might be a problem with these citizens in a mental aspect would be more effective than further gun laws that already denied the shooter the ability to purchase these firearms. We should be focusing on the mental aspect of this situation rather than the firearms themselves. If someone is planning on killing a massive amount of people, they most likely are not concerned with the legality of obtaining firearms. No laws against or banning of firearms have worked in the past, and they will not work now.Taking the politics out of the issue, and researching the true causes behind the crime while addressing them effectively would best serve both sides of the gun control debate. Jessica Vickers Dr. Jonne Akens Engl 1302 25 February 2013 Works Cited Kimberlin, J oanne. The Second Amendment two interpretations. Virginian Pilot. 02 03 2008 n. page. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. Wicked, Joe, ed. Does Gun Control Reduce Violent Crime? Cold Dead Hands. Cold Dead Hands, 30 Jan 2013. Web. 2 Mar 2013.

Live Theatre Review

The actors and director of The Woman In Black had complete power and control over the sense of hearings reactions and e intercommunicates.For our Drama GCSE we went to see The Woman in Black, on Monday 1st December 2003. The play was showing at the Fourtune theatre and was based on a book by Susan Hill which was adapted by Stephen M entirelyatratt.The Woman In Black is ab reveal a middle aged solicitor called Arthur Kipps, who years preliminary had lost an infant son following some eerie incidents in an English town. In hopes of getting rid of his personal demons and ghosts, he approaches a cardinal-year-old actor to turn his written account into a theatre piece (re-enactment.) It shows all of the happenings with a recently deceased woman called Alice Drableau and her remote, mysterious house.The play explores the issues of the fey and things beyond the human world, such as ghosts and things that are invisible to the human eye created by mime and the actors and audiences imagin ation. I think that the play and the actors explored these issues very well, still I am not sure if they were explored in a believable way. I impression that the first half of the play was quite slow, tedious, and we werent drawn in so on that point wasnt any control over us whilst watching it. However, when the play reached the second half the pace started to pick up, and tension was created, which move us in and gave the actors control over our reactions. It was remarkable how far battalion in the audience were willing to go with their imaginations. They seemed to be reliablely involved with the performance I think that to a certain extent we all were.The play was social systemd with flashbacks and crosscutting which gave us a more in depth understanding of what had happened in the former(prenominal) to effect the future. The actors took us on a journey with them in whichever time they were in. We knew what time they were in, as the actors clicked their fingers towards th e lighting technician each time. At first it didnt seem to be develop of the performance, later on when it occurred again it was clear that this was a repeated action and was requirement to the play. When actually thinking about it they were actors, acting as though they were acting a re-enactment.Quite confusing I thought. The lights changed from being bright when in the present, to being dim and almost seemed like sepia tones to give that more ancient feel when in the past. I dont think that this was done as well or creative as it could allow been. The clicking to me salutary seemed odd and something that didnt die in the play, even though I can understand what they were trying to do. The lighting technician brought us back to reality and removed us from the performance it drew us back out from the tense gripping story. The tension that was built up before these points suddenly dropped and then tension tried to build up again after that point. The actual changes between times eras was very fast, it was almost like on that point was a sudden change in tempo for that spilt second.The structure of the stage also affected the amount of space apply by the characters. In the first half of the play we only saw half of the stage. The elementary layout of it was rather boring. There wasnt much space for anything and the layout just wasnt interesting or eye-catching at all. As the play moved into the second half, the other part of the stage was revealed to us. It was an exciting change that spiced things up a bit. They suddenly had so much more space to work with.The Woman in Black has two main characters. Arthur Kipps played by Paul Stewart and the young actor who is actor Matt Holland. There was also the shadowed Woman in Black (Who is Alice Drableau the deceased,) although she didnt form a large piece in the play. The two main actors portrayed many characters, with the usage of costume and their vocal techniques and tones of voices. I thought that they p ortrayed the various characters quite well but it definitely wasnt believable for me personally. The actors changed costume in front of us (the audience), which once again drew us away from the drama. In my eyes. Once again, I realise that this was part of the piece, and if you think of it as an actual play, it was a great technique to use. I just found it rather glum putting when I was actually getting into the drama I realised that we werent seeing the story, we were seeing people tell us and re-enact the story.Some of the two mens room movements were very interesting and engaged us in the performance. Mr Kipps didnt really use much movement when narrating. On the other hand when he took on the role of other characters and the young actor played a younger version of Mr Kipps, they used movement to the best of their ability. An example would be a simple motion of a horse and cart. The two characters mimed this very well in a believable way, showing how they would be when on a re al horse. A great bit of movement that I found really effective, was when they pretended to be on a train. The actors were really aware of the space and objects around them. For example they used 2 briefcases as doors and a couple of chairs as seats, when walking through the imaginary train and we could tell instantly what it was. One of the men walked sideways along to show the compact space on a train, the two men also sat diagonal from each other which gave us the impression that there could have been more people on the train.The woman in black definitely had the ultimate power over the other characters reactions, and over us. She moved wordlessly in and out drifting along in an almost Godley fashion and She made it look as though the dark stage was her shadowed monger she was swooping down and scaring the prey. We were the prey, and we were shocked, in fact some people did let their emotions get the better of them. She wore pinnacled headgear, under a black veil. The black cos tume seemed as though it was to symbolise death and possibly evil.I would say that the actors had partial control over the audience and controlled the tension and asynchronous transfer mode. The blackouts and lighting also helped create the woman in blacks fast movement on the rocking chair she was furious, focused and very creepy in a psychotic sort of way. This drew us in further. A rocking chair normally moves slowly and contains a nice old person maybe knitting. It came as a huge shock when this happened, because it was such a huge contrast. There were two moments where there was a huge amount of control on the audience. The young actor approached a door this was concealed before and as it is now in light we are intrigued to sleep with what is behind it. There was a lot of tension at this point and the use of pauses made the tearing slow hand movements towards the door quite nerve-wracking. It was surprising how much this affected people.A great moment of tension which create d a really strong atmosphere was when the young actor who was pretending to be Mr Kipps was sleeping. There was a long empty silence and a complete blackout. This was a moment that was really tense, we the audience were also in a total blackout, so they were putting us in the same situation. We were under control, as we couldnt see anything, so we didnt really know what was spill on or what was going to happen. We were really involved. The actor also used a torch in the audience, whilst the whole room was black. The light was shone all around the audience, kind of like a spotlight. This whole moment, reminds me of puerility and being scared of the dark.Set, lighting, props and special effects I feel were all necessary to create a real sense of atmosphere. There were quite a few sound effects, to try and make the play seem as real as possible. Not only that, but some of the sound effects seemed to be symbolic. The sound of crows at the Graveyard, Im sure this is a bad omen, death an d a sign of evil. The sound of a rocking chair, which sounded like a heartbeat racing, to build tension and suspense. A double use. A music box in the Childs room, so innocent, yet the music seemed quite creepy when in the dark. Lots of them seemed to symbolise childhood, the innocence, and good. Because we knew what was going on and it was dark and tense, that goodness seemed almost possessed by evil.I thought that the sets were great and were concealed very well behind the gauze. It helped them to change the environment and setting quite efficiently without us knowing. From a graveyard which was article of furniture covered in white sheets maybe to symbolise ghosts, or when a person is dead them being covered in a sheet to be concealed. A sense of age and death. We saw the old house, which was covered in sheets again, kind of like an old house that hasnt been lived in for years, derelict. They created long stairs for the characters to operate up and down, that for me seemed to cr eate a gradual build to something. There must have been something at the top of the stairs. Also a childs room. A sweet half-size room, distorted from the innocence of it as soon as the woman in black steps in it.The play ended at a climactic cliff-hanger and it was gradually built up to a high point of tension. I personally didnt find it a fear-provoking piece of drama although I know others did, and I can understand how it happened. People were sucked into the drama and its world and certain things didnt remove them from it. I felt that all of the clicking and the people in the audience screaming just distracted me too much for me to actually enjoy it. I thought that they made a great effort with only two actors, it must have been a lot of hard work, and it used lots of great techniques. They definitely used role play a lot, when becoming different characters and acting out their situations. Marking the moment, using sound and light to emphasis something, such as the immensely te nse movement towards the door will he open it wont he? Clear usage of crosscutting to show us different times they also used different lighting to show this. Narration, this kept informing us of what was going on, Mr Kipps was telling us the story.I think that the playwright wrote the play to make the audience think about death, how it is a time of isolation. Maybe to make us remember a time when we were scared, something that everyone can relate to. Fear. I think he also wanted to tell a story that would excite people and to bring the typical ghost story to the 2lst century.People enjoy being scared because they get to use their imagination. Most of the play just really reminded me of childhood memories, something that everyone in the audience could relate to. Being scared of the darkness, that childrens room with the music coming from a doll, the excitement of discovering something, bag loads of curiocity.This was why we felt so involved, small parts of the play would have related to us as the audience. We all know it is safe environment/ atmosphere, and that the play isnt real life, but there is still that sense of danger. The thrill of not knowing something. The idea that we have all been scared in our lives, something that we can relate to. The thing is that I thought most things were just too predictable. We knew something was going to happen, we could kind of guess what would happen we just didnt know when it would happen.

Creative Process Essay

When I trust astir(predicate) workmanic profession I often wonder why artists want to be artists. The very idea of beginning every daylight with the obligation to create something of strong value, something that never existed before, seems really hard manoeuvre and at the homogeneous clock time put to workivity that has a strange beauty in itself-importance. How does an artist engage in the seminal act upon and consume something-out-of-nothing to come into existence? How does the germinal deal begin? Does it score structure, or the fanciful play consists just of imagery and an elusive sparkle that lights the original fire in the artists encephalon?I spent a lot of time examining professional life and work of some yeasty artists and how they are engaged in the germinal influence. This paper leave behind make some generalizations about originative thinking and genius that are aboriginal to the perceptiveness of the creative process and indeed will analyze the creative process in the lives of four notable artists who are Langston Hughes, Alvin Ailey, Quincy Jones, and George Lucas. The insights of the creative process then will unravel to the exploration of creative process in my own life.The Creative Process Creativity is a perpetually stimulating process and ultimately causing excitement. To observe and experience it fully is some of the virtually angelic aspects of the artistic life and professional activity. One of the possible difficulties of exploring or analyzing the creative process is that it enkindle plow uninspired. Really, one of the to the highest degree recent debates in this sphere is whether or not creativeness is simply an model of rational and analytical chore solving or consists of other, more magic processes.Nevertheless, one thing is unadorned the main benefit of exploring creativity and the creative process is that one will ultimately come to the understanding of the processes experienced and more importa ntly will be able to improve the development and stimulate nicety of creativity in himself and other state. What is known about the creative process? Let us choose the main components of the creative process. At first, one should know difference between the creative product and the creative process.A general distinction is that the creative product is the output of the artistic activity. It is the artistic output that is to be determined as creative or not creative. What are the characteristics of a product that is considered as creative? Torrance (1988), for example, in an analysis of interpretations of creativity, stated that newlylyness is a principal defining characteristic of the creative product. Newness, however, is not the but criteria. It is also of great importance that the product is good (that is, artistically appealing).Vernon (1989) proposed a more comprehensive definition of the creative product stating that, Creativity means a persons capacity to produce new o r original ideas, insights, restructuring, inventions, or artistic objects, which are accepted by experts as being of scientific, aesthetic, social, or technological value (p. 94). It can be seen that cultural values and norms are a necessary character reference of the criteria for considering some artistic output to be creative. A major question then that emerges is what are the creative processes that lead to the creative output? What the creative process is involved that increases the chances that an artist will generate a creative output? If one can recognize the constituting processes involved and the character of their interaction, then one can begin to get a picture of the fundamental essence of the creative process. To do this, I will examine the major stages of the creative process in the next sections. One of the first well-known attempts to think and theorize the creative process was by Wallas in 1926. Wallas proposed the major stages that reflect different processes o f the creative process.Although the stages proposed by Wallas are generalized and global, his model provides a good gear upation for the understanding of the creative process. This two-stage model involves the pursuit creative processes 1. Preparation Stage. In this stage the artist gathers different information, becomes thoroughly proficient, and identifies the problem. It is in this stage that the fundamental techniques and knowledge base for realization of a particular goal are mastered. Usually, the fundamental cognitive processes of logic, associations, and creative problem finding should be primary in this first stage.The first creative problem inventor I would like to mention is named Langston Hughes. interchangeable many other noble artists, Langston Hughes put up problems to solve with art. Langston Hughes found problems to solve with his creative piece. He loved to communicate with people and observe the sights and sounds of his district in Harlem and then incorporat e this experience into his whole caboodle. The artist found many fascinating ideas for poems during this process. Actually, some of his most renowned poems pick out about the things he perceived with his creative mind and people he met in Harlem.In the same manner, Alvin Ailey found problems to solve with his own choreography. Thus, for example, Ailey made Afternoon Blues (1953), his first creative dance work. works with a musical piece from Leonard Bernsteins On the Town, Ailey performed the hypersensual, animalistic role of the Faun (Latham, pp. 481482). In this great work of the artist, Ailey produced a mental image of dance as a liberation from heterosexual white domination, he found a safe place in his creative work where he could travel into his versed world as a fully sensual human being free from usual problems of travel and sexuality.Another example of problem solving by the artist is Aileys creative reaction to Hortons death (he was Aileys mentor) the artist decided t o make dances that tell dance stories about dear people he knew. He created his first choreographic works to pay tribute to Lester Horton, to demonstrate the strength of throng Truitte, and to emphasize the beauty and dramatic ability of Carmen de Lavallade (Latham, pp. 485486). Ailey was creative problem solver I knew nothing about making dances for a group so I put everything about modern dance which I had read or seen into the work.In addition, I did everything the way that I vox populi Lester would have done it. I was just trying to be like Lester because I thought that was the way to be creative (Latham, p. 488). 2. sparkle Stage. In this stage of the creative process ideas are generated using the analytical thinking and logical working on the problem. It is in this stage that Wallas introduced the process of the un apprised associations. Creative problem solving is not consciously made, but much organizing in a different way and free associating takes place outside of consci ous awareness of the artist.In the next sections, there are several descriptions of creative artists and their experience in this twinkling stage. During this process thoughts are permitted to roam in an uncontrollable manner. It is here that creative processes may play a particularly important role. Artist may want to examine works of the past centuries or creations from different cultures for generating new images that are based on the already created idea. This case of exercise can be thought of as an essential part of the analytical and associative skills necessary for the creative process.To better understand how this works let us examine the history of exposure that is full of analogical and associative thinking. One of the most famous and popular examples of photograph creativity is George Lucass original booster cable Wars film of 1977. The success of the film is legendary. Moreover, it completely changed how movies are produced. Interestingly, none of the visual images that the film producer utilise during the writing of the plot were themselves original. fritter away observers state that most of Lucass imagery was taken from previous film stories and George Lucas himself admits that his original models were the Flash Gordon movie serials and Edgar Rice Burroughs John Carter of Mars series of books I wanted to make an action movie a movie in outer space like Flash Gordon used to be. . . . I wanted to make a movie about an doddering man and a kid. . . . I also wanted the old man to be like a warrior. I wanted a princess, too, but I didnt want her to be a passive damsel in distress (Interview with George Lucas).It seems that the screenwriter wanted to draw to the sense of wonder and adventure movies that had expired him as he was a child but to modify that sense for popular tastes of contemporary public and make good use of all the technological and cinematic new methods and devices that developed in the period that had passed since Flash Gordo n. He one can see how Lucas was rightfully creative in this stage by incorporating in Star Wars the myth narrative the screenwriter used a creative analytical and associative thinking and he succeeded.But this process was not a burst of inspiration it evolved over a five-year period of rewriting and editing of the script I began writing Star Wars in January 1973 eight hours a day, five days a week, from then until March 1976, when we began shooting. compensate then I was busy doing various rewrites in the evenings after the days work. In fact, I wrote four entirely different screenplays for Star Wars, searching for just the right ingredients, characters and storyline. . . . What finally emerged through the many drafts of the script has obviously been influenced by science fiction and action adventure Ive read and seen.And Ive seen a lot of it. Im trying to make a classic sort of writing style picture, a classic space fantasy in which all the influences are working together. Ther e are certain traditional aspects of the genre I wanted to keep and help perpetuate in Star Wars (Zito 1977, p. 13). Important analyses on the cognitive processes involved in the creative process have been performed by a number of researchers. For example, Sternberg (Sternberg & Davidson, 1982) gave emphasis to the importance of insight in creative process.Sternberg and Davidson (1982) indicate that three types of insights are found in the creative process. First, the artist selectively separates relevant from irrelevant images. Selective union of separate split brings about synthesizing isolated pieces of images into united wholes. In this way images are organized in new ways. This type of information gathering sets the stage for creative insights. Usually, creative artists have been transformed, have been inspired by, and often have plagiarized the ideas of other artist and from various cultures through the whole of history.This process can also be seen in Aileys work that echoed literary traditions of black cultural heritage, registering the existence of a black self that had transcended the limitations and restrictions that racism had placed on the personal development of the black individual. Incorporating African American tradition and culture, Aileys creative work became an embodiment of African American culture. The artists creative process into plan dance was built on African American works and childhood memories.Ailey wrote about Redonda, later retitled Cinco Latinos (21 declination 1958) that The innate sense of melodrama of the primitive ritual is exploited in this interpretation of an Afro-Brazilian fetishistic ritual, with movements based on some(prenominal) the sensual and animalistic elements of these rites (Ailey program note). Ailey succeeded in the connecting the whole generation of African-American individuals with the mainstream U. S. culture. It is perhaps the ability to shift key between stages that is important to the creative pro cess. Such ability allows the artist to gain inlet to creative cognitive and affective processes.It enables the artist to transform or revise what he or she knows and to find new patterns. Like so many others in his time and after, creative record producer Quincy Jones in his creative process is both fascinated and inspired by the new media. He is enthusiastic about technologys potential to move musical art one step further. This allowed Quincy Jones to succeed in creating real hits from average singers and songs. When artists are engaged in these creative processes, they feel they are performing at the peak of their abilities. In my life I also feel that my creative work gives me insights and makes my live rich.Moreover, I think that creativity is part of what makes me really human allowing me to reach the highest levels of creative performance. Analyzing the creative artists professional life and creative act I identified the major personality traits that relate to tests of crea tivity and that I also try to develop. They overwhelm openness to experience independence of judgement curiosity preference for challenge and complexity self-confidence inbred tendency to risk-taking and strong motivation. These personality traits allow me to bring together various ideas and generate a new point of view or to create a new combination.I believe that analogies and associations are among the most powerful tools of the creative process because they can produce a great variety of ideas. Conclusion theater of operations of the creative process is important for many reasons. Explaining the creative process helped me identify and realize noble artists unmatched creative talents. It is true that the creative artist may prefer to ignore the stages of the creative process and tumble all of the conventions. But my point of view is that this is the wrong way to think about creativity. Instead, I think of the creativity as a kind of the creative process language.Obvio usly, one has first to learn a language before he or she can talk. Similarly, it is nearly impossible to create anything without the foundation. And just because the artist uses the background from previous works or different cultures does not mean they are not creative. tryout of the artists creative process in this paper suggests that analogical thinking is important to the creative process. In general, access to and use of history, myths, legends, experience of other people and different cultures and creativity are related processes.For me, creative process is really a form of problem solving not a miraculous, unexplained process. Wallas model of the creative process is a good start for analyzing creativity of other people. References Ailey program note, Kaufmann Concert Hall terpsichore Center of the 92nd Street YM-YWHA, 21 December 1958. Interview with George Lucas printed in the Star Wars souvenir program (New York S. W. Ventures, 1977). Latham, Jacqueline Quinn. A Biographi cal Study of the Lives and Contributions of Two Selected Contemporary Black Male Dance Artists Arthur Mitchell and Alvin Ailey. Ph. D. diss. , Texas Womens University, 1973, pp. 481482. Sternberg R. , & Davidson J. (1982, June). The mind of the tormenter.Psychology Today, 16, pp. 37-44. Torrance E. P. (1988). The nature of creativity as manifest in its testing. In R. Sternberg (Ed. ), The nature of creativity (pp. 43-75). Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Vernon, P. E. (1989). The nature-nurture problem in creativity. In J. Glover, R. Ronning, & C. Reynolds, R. (Eds. ), Handbook of creativity (pp. 93-110). New York Plenum. Wallas C. (1926). The art of thought. New York Harcourt Brace. Zito, Stephen. George Lucas Goes Far Out, American Film, April 1977, p. 13.