Analysing The Effects Of Overpopulation In Developing Countries Politics Essay

Analysing The Effects Of Overpopulation In Developing Countries Politics EssayOver population has been identified as one of the major reasons for the s butt jointtness that thrives in many growing countries including India, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia amongst others. These countries afford high birth rates with inadequate resources to support their growing populace. To some extent they would be a life-time justification of Thomas Malthus statement that the power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man. In this essay, I seek to moot an in depth explanation of Malthus principles on population growth and food production and further draw up the relationship between these principles and some of the developing countries of the 21th century.The underlying basis for Malthus principle is that population, when unchecked, increased in a geometrical ratio, and subsistence for man in an arithmetical ratio iin lay mans terms this would sloshed that clement beings become double their number in a particular period while food production only increases a unit more than in that same period. The law of diminishing returns would support his claim, in that as more of a variable factor, which is labour, is employed on a fixed factor, which is land, contribute production increases to a point and then starts to decrease.iiHe insinuates that if this occurs for a long period of time, there pass on be many volume chasing fewer goods and this will cause equipment casualtys of goods to increase unduly. Further, the supply of labour will exceed its demand as more people are fighting for few jobs on the market, as such wage rates decrease to a large extent. In these cases the lower classes always suffer most.According to Malthus, even if we assume that diminishing returns never sets in and the land produces the same amount of output course of study after year, man would still have to face this dreadful phenomena. He believes that though valet hold the power to reason, it is still inherent in their nature to reproduce constantly. However, according to him misery is the check that represses the superior power of population and keeps its effects constitute to the means of subsistence.iiiThe Malthusian theory holds that there are natural checks on overpopulation. Some are natural causes like miscarriages, earthquakes and famine while others include debility and are delinquent to mans struggle for survival. The latter is quite similar to Charles Darwins theory on the survival of the fittest.iv In a bid to stay alive human beings resort to wars of conquest and expansion, killing many others in the process .Malthus conclusive belief was that if population growth was not checked there would soon be a sort of world famine, where a huge percentage of the worlds population would have no food to eat. Thus man should minimize reproduction by dint of means such as abstaining from sex. Today, Malthus has been criticized by many for putting forth a theory which has been proven wrong. This is because although the population of the world was about 6,790,062,216 in the year 2009v, a fair number of countries are still able to cater for themselves. Countries like the United Sates are facing the health hazard of obesity resulting from having as well much food to eat.viHowever, for others, this is not so.Malthus predictions of a population boom in relation to food availability is especially proven in the case ordinal world countries, most of which appear to be producing food at a subsistence level. They have not adopted mechanized methods of husbandry and produce on a very small scale. The farmers who represent a large portion of the the populace in these countries are very poor and consequently produce low yields.viiThis would develop why they cannot produce food for themselves, and have to import large amounts of foreign goods into their lands. The reasons for the adaptation of these systems of agriculture vary in different countries. Under President Mugabes government, Zimbabwe has a poor land tenure system where the government, instead of farmers owns the land on which they farm on. This makes it difficult for farmers to expand their farm lands and. Poverty also rules supreme among the natal population, poor farmers therefore have to turn to subsistence farming,viiii.e. farming to feed themselves their families and probably leave a few nip offs to barter with other famers and a little to place during the following planting season. Due the fact that, production is not stable coupled with the land tenure system i.e. (lands in Zimbabwe are owned solely by the government) banks in Zimbabwe are reluctant to give out loans out to farmersix.The problem with Africas subsistence farming culture has to do with irrigation and fundingx. The issue of irrigation has to do with the mode of Africa. Africa has two main seasons. The rainy season and the dry season. These tw o seasons are annual. Therefore farmers predicting the weather cultivate their lands in the late dry season and delay for the rainy season to irrigate their crops. Now, most at times the rains starts unevenly i.e. it doesnt always start on time. Some farmers therefore lose their full crop yield. Others lose their harvests completely. Generally, there is no artificial irrigation in most developing communities. Countries like Ethiopia, which have huge geographic desert patches have an even worsened problem of having little arable landxi. This situation is a climatic situation, a natural phenomenon.Fertility rates definitely continue to rise, causing an change magnitude growth to the population most developing countries produce more mouths than they can feed. The Alan Guttmacher Institute in the United States conducted a research which proved that countries which provided free or cheap contraceptive services at cheap rates or without charge, tended to have lower birth rates. They als o realized that instances of teenage pregnancy were little among countries who engaged in early sex education of their childrenxii. The population of Ethiopia for instance, increased from 12 million in 1900 to 73 million in 2005.xiiiObviously, a dowry of people in developing countries remain ignorant of the negative implications of overpopulation to a nation and the few that know disregard this notion. Some believe children are a blessing from God, and will reject any ideology that prevents them from procreating. In some African countries for instance, a mans status is heightened by the number of children, especially males, he can produce. . Though these measures are not as extreme as abstaining from sex and other measures Malthus puts forward for reducing population growth, Governments some developing countries, like Ghana, have tried to introduce policies to check this such as Family planning and sex educationxiv. One of the checks on population according to the Malthusian princ iples is miscarriages. However due to improved healthcare systems this is greatly curbed in a lot of developing nations and does not restrict population expansion.Developing countries have had a high price to pay for the amalgamation of increase population growth and low agricultural production. Just as Malthus predicted, there is a synonymous increase in the discharged population, eventually creating rising inflation. The compiled inflation rate, for instance in Zimbabwe, between 1997 and 2007 was 38%xv.This further creates a high standard of living, because there are many people fighting to survive on fewer goods. Subsequently, the employment rates start to decrease alarmingly. This is due to the fact that there are more people crack their services for fewer jobs. Not everyone can be employed. Also wage rates are reduced and for the same number of working hours, employees are gainful a lot less. Hence the need for governments to introduce a minimum wage i.e. the lowest possible wage an employee can be p carexvi. However, in some cases, because the people are desperate for jobs, they are willing to be cheated by employers, just to hold on to a lifeline of survival. Obviously, should the population in Zimbabwe continue to increase to relatively high figures, coupled with the present unemployment figures, of food shortages will occur. The trend that Zimbabwe faces is similar to what many developing countries face. Malthus theory is therefore a definite blue print for a third world economyThe Director- General of FAO predicted in 1987, that the year 2010 would see an improvement in agriculture he however stated that it would have little effect on places like sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. He thus urged the world to brace itself to come to the aid of these countries when necessary.xviiIt may be argued that countries like China have an even greater population and yet do not face food shortages, but the residue is clear. The Chinese are a highly industri ous people. Their governments interests are channeled toward industrialization and infrastructure development. Most of their farmers are paddy rice farmersxviii, who have the advantage of farming in two advantages areas, the water logged lowland paddies and the hillside highland ridgesxix. The Chinese also have the advantage of being in a temperate climatic zone, enjoying 4 seasons winter which is useless to farmers, spring, summer and autumn which are farming friendlyxx.Artificial irrigation measures are also available in certain areas, i.e. both robotic and locally improvised. The mechanized farming used by Chinese farmers irrefutably makes them more productive. The Chinese government in their own way has discovered the practicality of Malthus theory i.e. the happening of overpopulation causing food shortages. In their bid to curb this problem, they have issued legislative laws that, limit child birth to one child per familyxxi.Elaborating on this conclusion, it can be realiz ed that Malthus theory works very well in third world where lack of mechanization and funding creates deficiencies in farming. Countries like China, however, due to mechanization, climatic conditions and artificial irrigation structures enable their farmers to meet the countrys food production needs. Developing countries should follow this example to emerge from the poverty that is gradually sucking them in. Improved farming techniques as well as reduced birth rates are the way forward for the developing world.