Carroway Clothing Essay

Re Current accounting issues, employment benefits and financing excerptions. Thank you for the opportunity to reference the current accounting issues, employment benefits and financing options facing Carroway Clothing check (CCL)1. SR& ED and Development costs treatmentIn reviewing the pecuniary statements it appears that the exploitation costs and SR&ED treatment may non piss been recorded appropriately. The SR&ED are tax dimension to be used towards rateable income and should non have been recorded as government grants. Since CCL may not have bringed them in the initial age, it trick use SR&ED tax credits against nonexempt income in the future. It is necessary to identify all SR$ERD activities for proper arrangement practices so that the credits generated by the SR&ED can be used against future income.The $975,000 development costs can be expensed or bang-upized depending on if the following criteria are metThe project is technically feasibleCCL intends of murder the projectCCL has the ability to use or sell the product at that place is probability of future economic benefit pull up stakes be generated availability of adequate technical and monetary recoursesCCL has the ability to measure reliably the expenditures attri furthere to it.Since the Walton Work Wear line is in the product stage, its accumulated development costs should be capitalized. The Carroway Cool Top has not started it commercial production which would grant the development costs not to be amortized yet. Also amuse costs on loans to generate financing for the R&D activates of a product can be capitalized rather than expensed. The capitalization of interest would allow CCL to reduce taxable income in the future when it is more profitable.I would urge on that CCL make the above changes immediately so that the financail statements are not incorrect. These changes would dish up CCL reduce its future taxable income when it may be more profitable.2. leeway for Doubtful Accounts.CCL currently has no allowance for bad debts. Even though CCL does not have issue with uncollectible, having an allowance account leave alone fork over CCL with the ability to write off debts such as the disputed shipment. Without universe able to write off the shipment, will leave the Accounts Receivables overstated, which in hug drug leads to misstated pecuniary statements. Having an AFDA would allow CCL to record the sale but besides realise that they do not expect payment from the client. Leaving this account on the accounts receivable would be misleading to CCLs stakeholders as it would lead them to call up that CCL is expecting to receive the cash in the near future. IF in the future, the dispute is resolved and the payment is received, CCL can recover the bad debt at that time.I would press that CCL create a policy regarding Accounts Receivables immediately. The mode for determining the bad debt issue forth should be determined by CCL management. Methods such a percentage of gross revenue or a percentage of Account Receivables can be used. Whichever method is chosen, it should be consistent from year to year and the amount should be reasonable.3. broad Term Debt or Initial Public offering.CCL is currently looking at an initial public offering ( initial public offering) and long term debt as ii options to help finance the new research and development (R&D) of new products. The believe loan can bring home the bacond financial stability but will have the interest repaid over a longer time is higher and would be tax deductible. Banks may exact financial statements that are audited. CCL will need to be able to prove that it can repay the loan as well as the interest. It may also be required to defend a debt to equity ratio that may prevent it from taking value of other opportunities in the future.An initial public offering offering has the electric potential to increase capital which would improve financial rations such as the d ebt to equity. The increased cash extend will help CCL pay it current payables and reduce debt by negotiating wagerer interest rates in the future. The disadvantage to an IPO would be the potential to lose control over the company and having to be more responsible to other investors. The IPO would also require the financial statement and note of hand disclosure to conform to more stringent requirements, which increase the cost of producing the financial statements. Financial statements will need to follow IFRS and securities regulators generally require 3 years of annual audited financials. It should also be noted that there is a significant cost to offering an IPO and it can be effortful to evaluate the livestock harm of the shares.I would recommend that CCL train the IPO as a viable on to its financing issue as it will be more beneficial in the long term. The change from ASPE to IFRS will be a short term challenge but can be overcome with appropriate professional assistanc e. I would extremely recommend that CCL seek the opinion and assistance of a professional who deals with IPOs.4. Employee Stock Options.CCL is considering providing employees stock options as a way to reward its employees. As a CCPC, CCL will have no tax consequence for the employees receiving the stock options until they dispose of the shares. The amount taxed as employment income in the year of government is the difference between the option price and the FMV of the shares at the time of the option was exercised. The employee may be able to claim a deduction from taxable income equal to half this amount if the shares were worth less than the exercise price when the option was issued or the employee hold the shares for at least two years before selling the shares.There are many alternatives to rewarding employees anyways cash bonuses and stock options. Options can range from published recognition to product such as shirts that the company makes. Time off with pay can also work tomotivate employees for hard work.I would recommend that CCL consider alternatives such as free products and time off as these will be less costly to provide than the stock options. Doing an employee survey would provide feedback to the rewards that the employees would value most.5. Legal issuesCCL is currently facing a pending effort regarding a chemical leak and the non-compliance with environmental regulations. When both of the following conditions are met the amount of the contingent loss must be accrued. Disclosure will be need if the following conditions are met The likely hood that the verdict will be against CCLA reasonable estimate of the amount o f the lawsuit can be do.The lawsuit may also lead customers and the public to believe that CCL acted negligently. This will reflect poorly on CCL and may lead to decreased sales and a damaged characterIf there is no accrual, there should be disclosure in the financial notes, stating the nature of the contingency, estimate of t he amount or that an estimate cannot be made and exposure to loss in excess of the amount accrued. If CCL does not disclose, it would be misleading to the financial statement user.I would recommend that CCL consult with their statutory advisors immediately to determine the likelihood of a lawsuit and the potential liabilities. Also, CCL should be prepared to address the negative publicity that the lawsuit may create.Should you require further clarification on any matters, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Case Study Carmex Essay

pass 1a) Some advantages of an online survey of a cross portion of Internet households ar having a larger auditory modality with a wider phase of responses, lower cost, and instant precedes. Some disadvantages atomic number 18 people whitethorn pen surface the survey, answers may be careless clean get the promo or plead, surveys may be sent directly to throw away mail. b) Some advantages of an online survey of Carmex Facebook likers are The people that fill out the Facebook surveys actually know the products, they arent just completing for the free stuff, responses pull up stakes come directly from product users, surveys pass on not get lost in spam or junk mail. Some disadvantages would be that it does not cover a wide guest base and the survey will unless increase engagement and not likesQuestion 2a) On a Facebook brand rascal, engagement measures how frequently act is being made by its Facebook audience with a authentic brand which is measured through posting a comment, liking a status or by replying to one of the posts on brand page. On the other hand likes measures the number of new likers or the size of the audience on Facebook b) For Carmex engagement is more important because it means its current likers are interested in learning about the companionship by interacting with posts Carmex makes by replying and liking their posts. Carmex would appreciate this because it shows customer interest and brand loyalty. c)Question 3a) Consumers having the ability to engage with a brand they like and having the chance to lay down their own opinion about the products they sell will create activity between the user and the brand page. Engagements on a brand page like Facebook are evoked by making sure those opinions weigh and are heard, as well as by posting confine to get consumers and give them a chance to engage further b) To attract like to a brand page on Facebook you could give out prizes, have a contest that requires user to like the p age, and offer coupons that offer a better deal than whats already in the market.Question 4a) The advantages of a fixed alternative crest question on Facebook are the questions tend to be short and bay window be answered quickly, you can keep anonymous, more people may answer as it only takes a click. b) I think it would be best to use an forthright ended question when you are trying to get opinions on the company or products that could range from a variety of answers from a range of unlike users. This will allow the consumers to speak freely and give them the flexibility to write whatever they wantQuestion 5a) If I had a special budget a time I would subscribe a poll only strategy because it has low cost and set-up associated with it. All you have to do is post the poll to the Facebook brand page and wait for users to respond, which will risk quickly. The last step would be to collect your data. b) On the other hand, If I had a higher budget and more time I would choose the c ontest only strategy because the results would be more rewarding. Promoting the contest will drive customers to participate, involving prizes will make the users take it more seriously, and they will result in more accurate and realistic answers.

Effect of Employee Satisfaction of Driving Customer Satisfaction Essay

Its common experience when plurality feel great about the stupefy where they work they provide better node service Dick Clark, aggroup leader of Financial services at MonsantoCustomer enjoyment is the important aim of every institution running a business everywhere. motley level managers consider the importance of guest atonement and filter out to headspring this issue to the lower levels that arrive at direct contact with the clients. Those front-line employees should be at ease themselves in order to deliver customer value. (bulgarella, 2005). Some researchers and business pi unityers went only to include employees as internal customers whom they seek to satisfy their needs in order to make sure that they will do the same with the orthogonal customers (Harrison, 2003) and this highlights the direction towards the study on the employee satisfaction and its performers.In Egypt, employee satisfaction should be unmatched of the most highlighted topics in every busine ss field and should lay down wider interest day after day. The emphasis on these kinds of studies will suspensor improve the service standards and, consequently, raises the satisfaction levels of employees and external customers of any organization. From this perspective, the researchers decided to look into the sense of life victimization and its effect on employee satisfaction (Research1 or R1). The second part of the research will be devoted to stones throw the effect of employee satisfaction on delivering customer satisfaction (Research2 or R2). The important research questions are designed asQ1 How can the sense of race development affect employee satisfaction? Q2 what is the effect of employee satisfaction on customer satisfaction? HypothesesH1 Sense of calling development has an effect on employee satisfaction. * Components of career development on this research paper are * Quality of Employees Lives.* sociable and frugal piece to orderliness.H2 sense of employee satisfactions affects Customer satisfaction. R1 The relation between sense of career development and employee satisfaction. When the researchers decided to define employee satisfaction, they called back the definition of the record satisfaction from the dictionary and it was found as gratification of an appetite and cheer (Wilson accomplishment, 2006). rapture researchers can never ignore Maslows human satisfaction pyramid that starts with physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem and self-actualization needs (Parvin, 2011) Scholars modify in their definitions to employee satisfaction Reilly defines job satisfaction as the feeling that a worker has about his job or a general strength towards work or a job and it is influenced by the perception of ones job. (C.R.Reilly, 1991).Some employee-satisfaction theories depends mainly on the individual factor or the employee himself employees objectives, age, social status, gender and education level have the major i mpact on determining the degree of his satisfaction and inscription in his job (Ann, 1992) while opposites, such as Alan Witt, go in deeper analysis to study Fit or Lack of Fit or the Want-Have Dilemma between the employees requirements and the organizational offerings (Ann, 1992) Papers agree on a main drive for employee satisfaction in any organization employers must work on enhancing the sense of career development for their employees. However, career development itself is a broad concept that needs to be clarified. Sears delimit career development as the total group of physiological, sociological, educational, physical and economic factors that direct the individuals career (Patton & McMahon, 2006). This definition classifies the components career development to1. Physiological component2. Sociological component3. Educational component4. physiologic component5. Economic componentWhen going to a deeper practical definition, callings England, one of the most recognized organi zations in career guidance industry that has a wide variety of partnerships with various associations (Careers England, 2012), defined career development as follows Career development is the lifelong process of managing progression in information and work. The quality of this process significantly determines the nature and quality of individuals lives the kind of people they become, the sense of purpose they have, the income at their disposal. It also determines the social and economic portion they make to the communities and societies of which they are part (Careers England, 2012)This definition analysis Career organic evolution terminology to the following components * Quality of individuals lives * Social and economic contribution to societyWhen linking both definitions together, the researchers can identify the main components of career development to devil main categories1. Quality of individual livesa. Salary paid to employeesb. working conditionsc. physiological and safet y needsd. the purpose they have2. Contribution to society* Achievements and contribution to society economically and sociallyR2 the relation between employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction.To measure the degree of employee satisfactions effect on customer satisfaction, the meaning of customer satisfaction should be clear for the researches and the readers A comp definition of customer satisfaction in terms of pleasurable fulfillment is given by Oliver (1997) satisfaction is the consumers fulfillment response. It is a shrewdness that a product or service feature, or the product or service itself, providing (or is providing) a pleasurable level of inhalation-related fulfillment, including under or everywhere fulfillment (Siskos, 2010)According to an exhaustive review of Yi (1991), customer satisfaction may be defined into 2 basic ways either as an outcome, or as a process 1- The first approach defines satisfaction as a final situation or as an end-state resulting from th e consumption experience. 2- The second approach emphasizes the perceptual, evaluative and psychological process that contributes to satisfaction. (Siskos, 2010) (R2) will try to measure the degree of dependence of both factors on each other through surveys with employees and customers.BibliographyAnn, M. (1992). A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP. SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIVERSITY, Political Science. Texas The digital Library. attia, s. (2008). Healthcare quality and moder. emerald insight, 3. bulgarella, C. (2005). Employee Satisfaction & Customer Satisfaction. Guide Star rerearch. C.R.Reilly. (1991). organizational Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology,pp. 427- 458. Careers England. (2012). MAKING A POSITIVE IMPACT. Careers England. Careers England. Careers England. (2012). Why Career Development Matters. 1.Harrison, C. (2003, 11). Turning Customer Service Inside Out Retrieved 10 1, 2012, from expressionsofexcellence.com http//www.expressionsofexcellence.com/ARTICLES/InsideCS.html Parvi n, M. (2011, December). FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR. Australian Journal of line of work and Management Research, 1, 115. Patton, W., & McMahon, M. (2006). Career Development and Systems Theory. QueensLand university, Faculty of Education. Rotterdam Sense Publishers. Siskos, E. G. (2010). Customer Satisfaction Evaluation. Greece Springer Science+Business Media. Wilson Learning. (2006). Redefining employee satisfaction business performance, employee fullfilment and leadership practices. Edina Wilson Learning Inc.

How WW1 Led To WW2 Essay

WW1 was the most gruesome war up until that time. With the central powers fighting the ally powers, germany was defeated and forced to take all blame for WW1 which lead to WW2. They were forced to admit the war was their fault, pay all damages, and lose their force. by and by the war, all powers met in France and discussed the treaty of versailles and all allied powers except the U.S. make Germany sign the document and admit that the war was entirely their fault. They hoped it would keep Germany from scratch line another war but in reality it sparked them to get strike back. in addition in the treaty, the allied powers forced them to pay for all expenses in the war. The wide cost was well over a billion dollars. This hurt the stinting system of Germany and they couldnt pay for it all. It sparked the Germans to once again get punish on the allied powers and gain control of their country again.IN the treaty, the military power was ceased from Germany. They were now left defense less. When Adolf Hitler comes to power the first thing he does is restore the military and navy so Germany isnt completely defenselss and he wants the strongest army in the world to go back out and defeat the allied powers.Even though all the allied powers wanted was full revenge on Germany for their many expenses and casualities, it led to another war full of more(prenominal) expenses and casualities. Hitler stepped into power and didnt think it was fair for the Germans to be treated this way. WW2 then begins and it the most destructive war ever.

Critical State Soil Mechanics

The prepa proportionalityn of the Cam form a priori account in 1958 is possibly the most of import development in modern red cent mechanics. Mechanical belongingss of stigma have been unified elegantly and systematically into the theoretical work of the theoretical account the fine res publica ungraded mechanics. Since so, many theoretical accounts were developed within the theoretical model of Cam Clay theoretical account and they form theoretical accounts of the Cam Clay household.deuce most distinguished characteristics of theoretical accounts of the Cam Clay household atomic number 18 ( 1 ) the exercise set of mother fuckers base on malleable volumetrical twirl, and ( 2 ) the beingness of a fault go by means ofing res publica of optical aber proportionalityn as the think blow responsibility. A brief de moreover of the two characteristics is given in this session, and descriptions of the strong suits of smirchs based on tiny commonwealth tinkers dam mech anics is given in the following(prenominal) subdivision.7.1.1 Hardening of hoot based on plastic volumetric optical aber proportionalitynAs seen in the compaction theoretical account illustrated in Fig. 10, whenever the current focus goes beyond the historical upper limit accent, plastic volumetric distortion occurs and the elastic zone enlarges. The expansion of the elastic zone is seen as the hardening of dirt and is straight linked to the plastic volumetric distortion of the dirt.Consequently, the succeeding(prenominal) decisions ar drawn from indurating mechanism of dirt.The magnitude of plastic volumetric distortion is dependent on the alteration in size of the sidetrack surface, but independent of the adjudicate way.All violence dutys which have the same aggregation of plastic volumetric strain constitute a individual output surface.7.1.2 Prediction of the being of a captious obligation of distortionSoil is a frictional stuff. When the accent ratio applied on a dirt dowery additions, dirt will finally make a point, where it has no aspiration to further crop distortion. The dirt fails. This is a critical res publica of distortion. A Critical State of distortion is delimitate asAt a Critical State of distortion, a dirt has no opposition to crop distortion and the dirt jakes be distorted continuously with its stress country and nothingnesss ratio remain unchanged.A critical land of distortion is a reason failure responsibleness. The theoretical model, uniting systematically the automatonlike belongingss of dirt into one simple and elegant system nether the Cam Clay theoretical account, is referred to as the Critical State Soil Mechanics ( CSSM ) .7.2 posture of dirt expound in the critical province dirt mechanicsThe mien of Fuji sand in triaxial trials is shown in Fig. 12 ( Tatsuoka, 1972 ) . The trials ar drained trials. The axial emphasis additions with the constraining emphasis kept permanent. The denseness of the dirt for the three trials varies from unfeignedly loose to really dense. It is seen that Fuji sand in a really heavy Fuji province has two capacitys a confidential information intensiveness and a strength as really bear-sized shear strain. For the loose sand, the dirt has merely one strength, besides at really big shear strain. It besides appears that the strength as really big shear0 5 10 15 20 25Distortional strain ad ( % )Volumetric strain Cv ( % )-12405 10 15 20 25 speechless =0.52Loose eaz =0.78Very loose =0.85Distortional strain ad ( % )Fig. 12 The cut back behavior of Fuji sand downstairs triaxialcompaction trials ( prove informations after Tatsuoka, 1972 ) plume emphasis ratio two3.22.40.81.60 grave =0.52Loose eaz =0.78Very loose =0.85-4-8strain for the three samples are really near and appears to near a whole value as the distortional strain additions. The peak strength and the critical province strength of dirt interpreted by the critical province dirt mechanics are in troduced in the followers.7.2.1 Critical province strengthUnder shearing ( increasing distortional strain ) , dirt reaches a concluding failure province, the critical province of distortion. At a critical province of distortionTherefore, a dirt can be distorted with no alteration in its emphasis, and no volumetric plastic distortion. At critical provinces of distortion, dirt has the under(a)mentioned characteristics ( Fig. 13 ) .The shear emphasis ratio c is changeless, denoted by I .There is a alone relationship between the average utile emphasis pa? and nothingnesss ratio vitamin E, irrespective of the initial state of affairs of the dirt or the focvictimization way of the trial.27This relationship is analogue in the vitamin E lnpa? infinite, and its side is the same as that of ICL in the compaction theoretical account, being e .The features of critical provinces can be represented by the critical province airwave ( CSL ) in the pa? q infinite and the vitamin E lnpa? infin ite. They are described mathematically as.IQ = I? ( 46 )Pa?e=eCS a?Ilnpa? ( 47 )Critical province shear emphasis ratio MShear emphasis QI? CSLMean effectual emphasis P ( kPa ) ( a ) CSL in the p-q infiniteThe critical province shear emphasis ratio is linked to the concluding failure clash angle ocs of dirt measured from conventional triaxial compress trial by the undermentioned equalityI? = 6 wickedness Ics ( 48 )3 a?sin IcsThe critical province clash angle for most sanvitamin D is 32A A 1A , which gives about M = 1.28.Determination of the concluding failure strength of dirtsNothingnesss ratio vitamin Evitamin E CSeIC( 1 ) Undrained concluding strength of dirtICLICSLIp=1 kPaMean effectual emphasis P ( kPa ) ( B ) CSL in the e-lnp infiniteFig. 13 Characteristics of critical province ofdistortionP a? = expaZ? aZ? aZYCesium Ia?Cs aZ? I aZThree parametric quantities define a dirt province. They are the emphasis province on the dirt and its nothingnesss ratio, i.e. ,( pa? , Q, vitam in E ) . Because any dirt province at a critical province of distortion must(prenominal) fulfill conditions expressed by equation ( 46 ) and ( 47 ) , the concluding failure province ofa dirt, the critical province of distortion, canbe determined if there is one more exceptional status. Some of common instances are discussed here.During an undrained trial, volumetric distortion is non allowed. Therefore, the nothingnesss ratio ofthe dirt is kept the same and is equal to its initial value,ei.Based on equations ( 46 ) and ( 47 ) , theundrained concluding shear strengthqcs,the tauteffectual emphasispa?cs,and the nothingnesss ratio European league aregiven by( 49 )28aZ aZe vitamin E aZzCesium IaZ a? aZzaZ? aZYaZ? I aZaZ?aZ? vitamin E vitamin ECsaZ? Q = I? expvitamin E vitamin ECs I=aZaZ?aZ?aZ?( 2 ) Drained concluding strength for changeless pa? trialsThe average effectual emphasis at the concluding critical failure province is known, pa?i, soaZaZ?aZ?aZ?aZ private computers = piqcs Ip a?i ( 50 )ei = eCS a? I ln piThe stress way for this grammatical case of trials is a perpendicular line in the pa? Q infinite, as shown in Fig. 4. ( 3 ) Drained concluding strength for changeless Q trialsThe shear strength at the concluding failure province is known, chi, soI lnchia? =CsPI?qcs = chi=eiEuropean Uniona?aZ Q aZz( 51 )IaZ?aZ? I? aZ aZYThe stress way for this type of trials is a horizontal line in the pa? Q infinite, as shown in Fig. 4. ( 4 ) Drained concluding strength for trials with additive emphasis waiesSuppose the gradient for the additive emphasis way is k, and the initial emphasis province of the dirt is ( pa?i, chi ) . Then the dirt province at the concluding failure province can be poseed from work outing the undermentioned equationsqcs a? chi = k personal computers a? piI?a? P Cs=eCSa?Ilnpqcs European Union( 52 )aZaZ?aZ?aZa?Cs29Two common additive emphasis waies, discussed in subdivision 3.3, are ( 1 ) conventional triaxial compaction trials with the restr icting emphasis kept changeless and in this instance k = 3, and ( 2 ) conventional triaxial extension trials with the axial emphasis kept changeless and in this instance k = 1.5.Example 5The critical province clash angle for a sand is 32A . For its CSL in the vitamin E lnpa? infinite, the gradient is 0.12 and European Union is 1.42. ( 1 ) dress the set of M ( 2 ) Pull a assume of the CSL in the pa? q infinite and the vitamin E lnpa? infinite ( 3 ) take in the concluding failure strength of a specimen of the sand with initial province as ( pa? = 75 kPa, q = 0, vitamin E = 0.85 ) . ( a ) under undrained state of affairs ( B ) under a changeless mean effectual emphasis trial and ( floor Celsius ) following a stress way with = 2.dqdpa?A Determine the values of M cd800600cc0CSL q=1.29p Shear emphasis Q kPa30100 200 300 400 500 600Mean effectual emphasis P kPaNothingnesss ratioe0.90.70.51.51.31.1CSL e=1.42-0.12lnp 1 10 100 1000Mean effectual emphasis P kPaOxygenNothingnesss ratio e n Shear emphasis QCSLCI?BacillusAP ( kPa )CSLe=eCS -elnpa?BacillusCMean effectual emphasis P ( kPa ) Fig. 14 rendering of dirt strength( 53 )7.2.2 Peak strengthAs seen in Fig. 12, under shearing dirt at heavy province may make a peak strength ( higher than the critical province strength ) . However, this strength of dirt decreases with the addition of distortional strain, and becomes indistinguishable to the critical province strength finally. Two characteristics of the peak strength should be noticed.The contingency of a strength for dirt greater than the concluding critical province strength ( the extremum strength ) is possible merely if the dirt is under the CSL in the vitamin E lnpa? infinite ( Fig 14 ) . This is in the modify side. As named by Schofield and Wroth ( 1968 ) , soil behavior with both peak and critical province strength is prohibitionist behavior.The peak strength is non stable. The wink a peak strength is reached, the strength of dirt will l essen with the farther distortional distortion.An empirical equation proposed by Liu and Carter ( 2002 ) may be use to gauge the peak strength ratio cp of dirt based on its place in the vitamin E lnpa? infinite=Q P =a?IPP P31( 1 a? I ) I? for A- & lt 0I , the province parametric quantity, defined by Been and Jefferies ( 1985 ) asI = vitamin E a? vitamin E CS + I ln p a? ( 54 )Uniting the above two equations, we obtain q PI = = + a? a? a? I? & lt a? I a?( vitamin E e P ) vitamin E vitamin E P1 ln for lnP CS CS ( 55 )PP a?For A- & gt 0, there is merely one strength. The peak strength and the critical province strength may be considered as coincident.7.2.3 division of dirt strength in the pa? Q infiniteMohr-Coulomb s strength stock(a), compose in the pa? Q infinite, is given as32Q degree Fahrenheit(postnominal)(postnominal) = c + I? MC P a? degree Fahrenheit ( 56 )This standard is possibly the widely used standard to find the strength of dirts in geotechnical technology patter n. However, it is applicable for dirt conditionally. As shown in Fig. 14, Mohr-Coulomb s strength standard is applicable to dirty in the ambit of AB, where the dirt in the Dry side, i.e. , below the CSL.The general strength standard for dirt may be divided into three scopes to analyze. fortissimo of dirts on the tight sideIf a dirt province in the vitamin E lnpa? infinite is above the CSL, i.e. , A- & gt 0, the dirt is on the Wet side. Dirts on the Wet side have merely one strength, the concluding critical province strength. The critical province strength of dirts is represented by line BC, and their belongingss are introduced in subdivision 7.2.1.No tensile emphasis line amyloidal stuffs such as littorals or corpses in reconstituted provinces have no documented coherence, and can non prolong a tensile emphasis. The boundary oa?min & gt 0 in the pa? q infinite is = 3Q,pa?represented by line OA. On the left side of line OA, tensile emphasis occurs.Strength of dirts on the Dry sideMerely when dirt on the Dry side, the dirt has a coherence c. The strength of the dirt can eviscerate by equation ( 56 ) , the Mohr-Coulomb s strength standard. Cohesion degree Celsius may be treated as changeless. Clash angle oMC and parametric quantity MMC is related by the undermentioned equation= 6sinoMC ( 57 ) megacycleI?MC 3 a? sinoThe whole strength gasbag OABC is shown in Fig. 14.Two errors are normally made in using the Mohr-Coulomb s strength standard for finding the strength of dirts.The extension of the Mohr-Coulomb s strength standard to the left side of AB and therefore implies dirt has a tensile strength.The extension of the Mohr-Coulomb s strength standard to the chastise side of AB ( beyond the critical province strength ) . This implies the crowning(prenominal) clash angle of dirt will go on lessening after the critical province clash angle unlimited with the average effectual emphasis.Terzaghi, the laminitis of modern dirt mechanics, made both e rrors in widening the pertinence of Don Taylor s experimental information. And I believe you will non do the same error in your technology designs or safety cheque.33Example 6The critical province clash angle for a Leighton turkey buzzard sand in situ is 31A measured from conventional triaxial compaction trials. The strength gasbag detected for the sand can be described by Mohr-Coulomb s strength standard with c= 40 kPa and oMC = 23A . ( 1 ) Determine the values of dirt parametric quantities M for critical province stength and MMC for Mohr-Coulomb s strength ( 2 ) Pull the strength envelope of this Leighton Buzzard sand and key the features of the strength of the sand ( 3 ) Discourse the strength of the sand under a drained conventional triaxial compaction trial with the initial emphasis province of the dirt being ( pa? = 30 kPa, q = 0, ) .A Determine dirt parametric quantities M and MMC Shear emphasis Q kPa250200 one hundred fifty100500A3( 30, 0 )vitamin D30.9Bacillus1.24C0 50 100 cl 200Mean effectual emphasis P kPa347.2.4 Residual province strength of clayey dirtsAfter probes on landslides in the late fiftiess, it was found that the shearing opposition of dirt in a figure of instances was much littler than the concluding critical province strength measured in the explore lab. The construct of residual strength is formed ( Skempton, 1964 )Residual strength is defined as the shear strength of a dirt that can be mobilised on a polished slip surface, after it has been formed through the dirt due to the alliance of its Platypoecilus maculatus atoms. For any given dirt it is the minimal strength come-at-able. There are four major facets of the residuary strength, viz.Dirt must hold adequate plate-like atoms so that a smooth slickensided surface can be formed.The skiding surface of well-aligned dirt atoms must be for the residuary strength to be mobilised.The skiding surface of well-aligned Platypoecilus maculatus atoms can ease residuary failure merely a long that surface.4. The residuary sliding surface one time formed is normally non modified by subsequent distortions of comparatively little magnitude.The residuary strength of a dirt is chiefly dependent on the mineralogy of the dirt the clay cipher. Clay fraction uc defined as the weight of the clay particles less than 0.002 millimeter in size over the entire weight of the dirt sample. uc is defined asI = G0.002 ( 58 )cGSome experimental informations on the fluctuation of the critical province strength and residuary strength with clay fraction is shown In Fig. 15 ( From Skempton, 1984 ) . The undermentioned information can be obtained this information.( 1 ) For a dirt with a clay fraction less than 25 % the concluding strength is the critical province strength. The strength is independent on clay fraction. Otherwise, the concluding strength of the dirt is its residuary strength.0 20 40 60 80 10 0Clash angle ( A )34282216104residuary province critical provinceClay fraction ( % ) Fig. 15 Variation of the critical province andresiduary province strengths with clay fraction35With 50 % & gt uc & gt 25 % , both critical province and residuary province strengths vary with clay fraction.With uc & gt 50 % , critical province and residuary province strengths are different, but remains with any alteration of clay fraction in the scope.The concluding strength of a dirt, expressed as a clash angle, may change from 32A to every bit low as 6A with the fluctuation of the clay fraction.

Group Behavior

Group Behavior In our society today, there is a definitely a lot of categorizing of tidy sum going on. Group doings is one and only(a) of the larger categories. Many peck, especi altogethery young people, are go forth out of many things. Those who have friends and participate in defendivities impression alike they can non be themselves. Then you have those people who make everyone else feel bad about who they are. Everyone emergencys to stop being so judgmental of others and give birth people for who they are. We all remember the kids at enlighten who were al shipway chosen on the playground.Maybe a few of us were one of those kids. This word form of thing doesnt just happen between children. Coaches and Teachers do those things all the time. Two people may have the same skills, but the one who has the family with money to support the school or with the notable last prepare will be given the position. It is no hard to see wherefore many people have self-esteem issues. Many people with friends politic find it hard to be themselves. They fear that they will not be accepted or that they will be looked down upon.Many people feel that to befriends two people have to be the exact same. This is simply not true. Generally speaking, two people with identical personalities will closely likely clash. People need to realize that being different is not a bad thing. In life, there are bullies everywhere that we go, ranging from school to the workplace and everywhere in between. These types of people try to make themselves feel better by putting other people down. Perhaps they foundert realize what this does to other people, or maybe they just wear outt care.Usually these types of people have self-esteem or self-image issues that they need to take care of themselves. However, there are different and better ways to deal with their own issues. No person has the right to belittle some other person in any way. To conclude, everyone should think about the way that they conduct other people. They cannot stir the things that they have done or said in the past. All that can be done is to change the way that we act now and in the future.There really is no reason for the children in our society to be growing up with the self-esteem issues that they have. Many people are being diagnosed with depression, caused by the way that they have been treated by other people. Placing people into groups is wrong and something needs to be done to change this. Everyone deserves a fair chance in life, so do not be one of these types of people that categorize others. And if you are being situated into agroup, stand your ground and stand up for yourself because chances are, no one else will.

Worldview Assignment

I. Worldview is the somebodyal manner in which an individual (or society) philosophy in regards to invigoration and their environment. Each person, due to upbringing or life experiences, has a manner in which they interpret the environment around them. Due to these differences, every persons perception of the world is different. While some worldviews may percent common interests, none are the same. II. 1. The Question of source The Christian Worldview of Origin speaks of the manner in which paragon created the earth and all that lives. This piece of tail be detailed in the book of genesis 1131 (ESV) In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. And God said, allow on that point be light, and there was light. And God saw that the light was good. And God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, the first day. 2. The Question of individuation The Christian Worldview of Identity is that God created us to his image and likeness, and in this mode we are make to represent Him and honor Him.This can be detailed in Genesis 127 (ESV) So God created man in his witness image, in the image of God he created him male and female he created them and Matthew 548 (ESV) You therefrom must be perfect, as your celestial Father is perfect. 3. The Question of Meaning/ habit The Christian Worldview of Meaning and Purpose is that we must strive to develop and strengthen our relationship with God. This can be described under 2 Timothy 316 (ESV) every last(predicate) Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for upbringing in even upeousness. 4. The Question of Morality The Christian Worldview of Morality lies in the fact that as we must be righteous, forgivin g and always do the right thing for the right reason. This is detailed in Romans 138-10 where it says owe no one eachthing, except to love each other, for the one who loves other has matched the law. For the commandments, You shall not commit adultery, You shall not murder, You shall not steal, You shall not covet, and any other commandment, are summed up in this word You shall love your inhabit as yourself. Love does no wrong to a neighbor therefore love is the fulfilling of the law. 5. The Question of Destiny The Christian Worldview of Destiny states that God predetermines our requisite and that failure is not a permanent state, since redemption is always possible. This can be seen in Psalm 1388 (ESV) TheLordwill fulfill his purpose for me your steadfast love, OLord, endures forever. Do not forsake the mold of your hands. III. Part Three How might/should a biblical worldview influence the way you Refer specifically to how biblical worldview beliefs influence your answer c hoose only two of these 6. count about, treat, and speak to others on a daily basis? Biblical Christian Worldviews influence my daily habits in positive ways that have do me more ethical and less judgmental. As a Christian, our identity is delineate as being in likeness with our creator. God forgives, teaches and loves us as we are, and I in turn, try to do the same to everyone I encounter. Further, the religion aspect of our Christian Worldview asks that I be truthful and do everything for the right reason. My worldview beliefs keep me grounded and my spirit in peace.

Assignment Budget and Policy Paper Essay

DUI task forces supplication bargaining wrongdoer reentry/integration victim assistance Immigration warfare on drugs contend on act of terrorismPrepare a 1,400-1,750-word report in which you restart the goals in the pitiful justice system that your selected polity attempts to achieve. Additionally, analyze the in effect(p) and ineffective initiatives associated with your selected polity, as well as either historical logical implication that may permit impact.When you enter college, one of the first things that you should do is constrict a billet time job. There are going away to be a pass around of hours that are available during the day, as this roll in the hay military service you increase your income. A job exit pay its dividends and will squeeze your worries when you are kayoed having fun.This paperwork contains CJA 464 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Budget and indemnity PaperLaw General Law recognise a policy issue from the following list DUI task force s Plea bargaining Offender reentry/integration Victim assistance Immigration War on drugs War on terrorismPrepare a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you summarize the goals in the criminal justice system that your selected policy attempts to achieve. Additionally, analyze the effective and ineffective initiatives associated with your selected policy, as well as any historical significance that may have impact.When you enter college, one of the first things that you should do is get a part time job. There are going to be a lot of hours that are available during the day, as this can help you increase your income. A job will pay its dividends and will reduce your worries when you arFor downloading more tutorials visit https//bitly.com/12BpF7HWhen you enter college, one of the first things that you should do is get a part time job. There are going to be a lot of hours that are available during the day, as this can help you increase your income. A job will pay its dividends and will redu ce your worries when you are out having fun. Law General LawSelect a policy issue from the following list DUI task forces Plea bargaining Offender reentry/integration Victim assistance Immigration War on drugs War on terrorismPrepare a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you summarize the goals in the criminal justice system that your selected policy attempts to achieve. Additionally, analyze the effective and ineffective initiatives associated with your selected policy, as well as any historical significance that may have impact.

Professional Athletes: Role Models or Criminals?

Professional athletes ask been role models for children and adults alike since the theme of time. They atomic number 18 often thought of superhuman, celebrities, and to some plain Gods due to their fabulous physical strength, and unnatural talent. Professional athletes are furnishn many things that the bonnie American only dreams round ranging from multi-million dollar paychecks, expensive cars, high profile romances, to exotic vacations. Oh, and world above the law. Numerous high profile fakers have been discontinueed multiple times throughout their career, escaping with nonhing more than a smack on the wrist from law enforcement, or the NFL.Even those players convicted, and sent to prison for their destine result be able to return to the football field later being released. Over the past decade the incidents regarding players contri exactlye have increased dramatically all the while dragging the NFLs reputation and ethics through the mud. It begs the questionshould these athletes who are the role models for millions, be above the law simply because they are entertainers and celebrities? The answer is no. In my opinion a drastic change demand to happen forthwith regarding this growing caper.No longer should players be able to go unpunished for committing crimes. However, to witness the solution for this growing predicamentis to establish what factors contri preciselye directly to it. The problem goes beyond the athletes being able to go unpunished for committing crimes. It starts with the group discussions menial penalizations, police squad owners irresponsible player management, strike out attitudes, and the character of the players themselves. On the otherwise hand, in that respect are great deal, including fans, constituents, and of course the players themselves, who believe that the penaltys being given now are in addition severe.I would sound like to show those people another view of this look atthe view of an everyday pers on. In April 2007 NFL commissioner Roger Goodell put into effect impudently policies regarding player demeanor based on the high number of players being chequeed for study crimes. Due to the nature of the transgressions NFL officials began to worry about losing fans deterred by the leagues image. The spic-and-span policy included longer suspensions, heavier fines, and team accountability for their players committing crimes.The in the buff policy includes requiring teams to pay the league a portion of the salaries delivered by players suspended for violating policies regarding personal conduct (Schrotenboer). Goodells goal is to hold team owners and managers partially responsible for the actions of the players on their roster. This forces the decision checkrs to put more shape into planing and signing troubled athletes, because now it is their moneynot just their image at stake. Although the policy is a step in the function direction it is not doing near enough to clean up the league because talent is more important than character to a team. angiotensin converting enzyme example of this is Cincinnati Bengals receiver Chris atomic number 1 who was released by the team only after being ar perched six times between December 2005 and March 2009 for crimes ranging from possession of marijuana, sex activity with a minor, DUI, and possession of and aggravated assault with a gun (Brandt). However, even with his arrest log reading like a novel, Henry has served a total of just eighty-eight days in prison for his crimes. This strong belief came only after the second incident concerning relations with a minor.But, the Bengals unploughed him on the roster, even though four of the six incidents occurred after Goodells new conduct policy was put into effect. As far as the harsher punishment Goodell promised, Henry received a total a tether game suspension for each of the incidents before being cut avocation the most recent assault arrest (Carpenter, Maske). Who should be to blame for bring home the baconing this fell to go free and continue making his millions? The ultimate blame needs to be placed on not only Henry himself, but also the owner and manager of the Cincinnati Bengals.Coaches have a large carry on on the players on their teams. By allowing them to misbehave, they are basically telling the players what they do off the field does not liaison as long as you win. In bon ton to economic aid clean up the NFL, aimes need to habilitate an example by putting the law before the sport. Being in charge of a multi-million dollar business such(prenominal) as a professional football team, head coaches are under immense mechanical press to win, and result do so by any means. Marvin Lewis, the head coach of Chris Henrys former team, the Bengals is a perfect example of good-natured at any costall the while denying so.In the article histrion Arrest Put the NFL in A Defensive Mode, authors Les Carpenter and note Maske guide on o ut Lewis actions. During a 2007 press conference focused on the eight Bengals players arrested in the past year, including one player, Chris Henry, who had been arrested three times. Coach Lewis was asked to give his opinion on the players behavior. He responded by shrilly condemning the players actions. It is an embarrassment to our organizationIt doesnt matter what you do for a living or who you are, youve got to follow those rules and laws (Carpenter and Maske).This statement came from the attracter of these players, as well as the man who only suspended Henry for two games after his prison stint. However, Lewis is not the only coach to allow felon players to escape punishmentbecause they are needed to win. In order to reverse the coaches attitudes toward the law there are things that need to be changed. For example, coaches should be required to pay a fine for every player who breaks the conduct code, or gets arrested. The new policy requires the team to paybut not the coaches . Even if fining the coaches was put into effect it wouldnt alter the situation on its own.To have maximum impact on the league as a whole, another avenue needs to be taken. One bearing is suggested by Mike Florio in his article, NFL should strip draft picks from rogue teams. The only way to get teams to avoid players with a history of legal problemsor, even better, help the player change his unlawful waysis to strip the team of draft picks (Florio). However, in order for this to happen, league officials such as Goodell need to let out harsher penalties and fines to have any impact on players, coaches, and owners alike.However, for some people the catamenia punishments being enforced are completely over the top already. When Goodell revealed his plans for the new policy in 2007 he was met with enthusiasm, praise, doubt, and protestand that was just from fans. This shocked me that there is an NFL fan out there so dedicated to his or her favorite(a) player that they oppose punishi ng offenders? Surprisingly the answer is yes. On April 1st, 2009 Cleveland brownnesss wide receiver Donte Stallworth left a Miami nightclub at two o-clock in the morning, got behind the wheel of his Bentley and began to call for home.Three miles from his destination he was approaching what he thought was a yellow light and sped up to avoid it changing. However, due to his drunken stupor he failed to notice it was truly a red lightwhich he ran seconds before striking, and killing a pedestrian using the crosswalk. Stallworth was then charged with DUI vehicular manslaughter and released on $200,000 bail. His punishment? Thirty days in prison, two years house arrestoh and a one season suspension from the league. Stallworth killed a man and will spend a total of thirty days in county jail, and forfeit a maximum of $745,000 salary for killing a man.To many people this is an utterly inconceivable notion. Stallworth killed an innocent man by choosing to drive intoxicated, and because of his placement as one of the leagues best players he did little jail time than most drug dealers. Following Stallworths arrest all eyes turned to Goodell and the rest of the NFL officials to see what punishment, under the nonoperational new polictallworths arrest all eyes turned to Goodell and the rest of the NFL officials to see what punishment, under the new policy would be given. Stallworth was suspended a total of sixteen games during the time which he serves house arrest.To me, that is not punishment. However, others do not agreeand they are another piece of the NFLs problem. One of those people is La Mont Chappell who writes in an article addressing Goodells choice of punishment for Stallworth and other criminal players. Donte Stallworth deserves some sort of punishment for getting drunk, choosing to drive drunk, hitting a pedestrian, and ultimately killing that pedestrianIt is unfair to Donte Stallworth to be suspended for such a long period of time because NFL players do n ot have long careers (Chappell).To Chappell and other protestors of increasing punishment where do they draw a line? In another article reaming Goodell NFL agent Peter Schaffer writes, It is clear our new NFL commissioner has pushed the punitive bar too high, to the point of inappropriate excessivein Stallworths casethe one study difference between a murder or some other type of intentional crime and a DUI manslaughter is that there was not the overlord intent to do harm to another human (Schaffer). People such as Chappell and Schaffer fans and agents are the final component to fixing the NFLs image.Athletes will continue to commit crimes because loyal fans, and money hungry agents will make excuses for their actions, something that can be changed. For example, agents get nonrecreational big bucks when athletes get paid big bucks. So, if an athlete is suspended, it hurts the agents pockets as well. A new policy could be added that will fine agents as well as players for breaking the law. That will prevent agents from representing the players that are multiple offenderstherefore backcloth a positive example to the public, and making players think twice about doing something stupid.In then end the NFLs image problem can be chalked up to many different sources and comprise of many different factors and unless something is make to counteract the current trend nothing will change. The commissioner took a small-scale step forward in 2007 by implementing the new policybut he needs to step up as the leader he is and make punishments and fines that will impact players into changing their ways. Sure, there will be critics, but that is what it takes to regain the respectable name the NFL once had. It will not be simple, and it may take time, but it needs to be done.

Comparison of Mark Twain and F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay

Mark orthodontic braces and F. Scott Fitzgerald atomic number 18 two widely known American authors who wrote great novels, but dissent in many ways. They both wrote stories on life journeys, however dyad used pre-adolescent characters to signal how an individual should be micturate in hostelry. Whereas, Fitzgerald uses adult characters to show how an individual is harmed by society. Mark pairA? aa? s characters go for many dreams in all TwainA? aa? s stories. On the other hand, FitzgeraldA? aa? s older, adult characters who still have dreams allow the larger community of interests to have-to doe with them from pursuing his or her aspirations.The community doesnA? aa? t put a lot of drag on TwainA? aa? s characters because most of them are righteous electric shaverren. But on the contrary, F. Scott FitzgeraldA? aa? s characters are judge to fit in and do whatever the crowd does. So in the long run, Mark TwainA? aa? s characters benefit from society by pursuing their indiv idual goals, and F. Scott Fitzgerald characters falter because they let society affect their dreams. Mark Twain was born on November 30, 1835. His birthplace was in Florida and he grew up in a relatively small town. Mark TwainA? aa?s original name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Mark TwainA? aa? s father was John Marshall and his mother was Jane Lampton Clemens. Samuels father, John, was a judge. When little Samuel was four years of eon he moved to Hannibal with his family. His parents enrolled him in a private school there. Samuel had many health problems as a child. Therefore, they had to keep him indoors for the number 1 half of his puerility. Although, when he was around cardinal years he joined the rest of the towns children outside. He grew up in a two-story house at 206 Hill Street. adept of SamuelA? aa?s major life events was when his father died of pneumonia. Because of his fatherA? aa? s death, Samuel left school and became a printerA? aa? s apprentice. Samuel nominate his first neck of writing by and by two years as a printerA? aa? s apprentice. He became an editorial assistant with his older brother and really found writing fascinating. When Samuel Clemens tuned 17 years old he left Hannibal. He found a printerA? aa? s job in St. Louis.There, Clemens became a river pilot assistant and got his license in 1858. This was a genuinely grand conviction for Samuel because itA?aa? s where he got his salvagerA? aa? s name, Mark Twain. In piloting the expression Mark Twain means that is safe to navigate. Many authors use other names when they write appropriates and Samuel decided on Mark Twain because of his piloting experiences.Later in his life, Mark Twain began working as a theme newsperson for several newspapers all over the United States. Mark Twain get married Olivia Langdon in 1870. Together, they had four children. Unfortunately, one died as an infant and the others died in their 20A? aa? s. Clara was their only child who lived a long l ife.She lived to be 88 years old and had one daughter. Mark TwainA? aa? s first successful writing was The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calavaras County. It gave him a lot of fame and the critics really liked it. Twains first book was The Innocents Abroad,A? aA? and was published in 1869. The arch of his fame was probably when he wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in 1876 and A? aAThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,A? aA? in 1885. He has a long list of stories, books, and newspaper article. He wrote 28 well know ones in all. Mark Twain passed away on April 21, 1910.He leaves a big legacy of childhood stories and many people still read his books. He is a very respectable American author and his books are brilliant. Scott Fitzgerald was born on phratry 24th, 1896. His father was Edward Fitzgerald. He grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota. As a child he was brought up as a devote Catholic. The first prepare he attended was St. Paul Academy. When he graduated he went to Princeton and was tak e apart of the class of 1917. ScottA? aa? s first engagement was to Zelda Sayre. She afterward broke their engagement. One of his major life events is when he went to St.Paul to write, A? aAThis Side of Paradise. A? aA? The critics love this story and got many sales. Another major life event is when Zelda Sayre took him backrest and they got married. They took a trip to Europe where is wife had their first child. The first time he wrote some(prenominal)thing he was in a school newspaper club. The first thing that got published was the A? aARomantic Egotist. A? aA? He had immediate success at the age of 24. The subject he wrote on was young love. His style was life journeys of adults. He wrote his journey stories with clarity, with color, and with music.His style changed a little when he started to drink in 1923. His best book got great reviews, but not many sales. The A? aAGreat GatsbyA? aA? written in 1924 probably marked his arch of fame and all the critics fell in love with it . When Scott ran out of money he would write brusk stories. Most of his income came from his short stories because his novels didnA? aa? t have many sales until after his death. Some of his most popular works were A? aAThe Vegetable,A? aA? A? aAThe Offshore Piddle,A? aA? A? aABernice Bobs,A? aA? A? aAHer Hair,A? aA? A?aAMay Day,A? aA? and A? aAThe beautiful and Damned. A? aA? Many things influenced Scott Fitzgerald. Aspiration, literature, Princeton, Zelda Fitzgerald, and alcohol are some of them. All of these things explain why he writes more about adults and their journeys kinda of children. Scott Fitzgerald leaves us a legacy of one of the greatest American authors in history. He was a great man who became friends with another great author, Hemmingway. In a strange way they fed off each otherA? aa? s stories. Scott Fitzgerald pasted away on December 21st, 1940 of a heart attack.

Dow Rohm and Haas

DOW chemical company The year 2009 was the most active an challenging year for Dow in its whole history. It was the turning point for the transformation to the leading global force chemical and advanced materials Company. On April 1 2009 DOW at last effected the acquisition of specialty chemicals maker Rohm and Haas subsequently eight months fight. On July 10 2008 DOW pronounced to pay $78 per share to buy Rohm and Haas (current nervous strain price on 9 July, $44, 83) because they expected more than than $7 one thousand thousand in pretax process from the joint venture, K-DOW, with a state owned capital of Kuwait company.Due to the global pecuniary crisis, the decrease of the oil prices and the governmental military rank for the deal as too risky the Kuwait Company distinguish their $17. 4 billion offer in December 2008. Dow was now indisposed to pay the $15. 3 billion for Rohm and Haas and consequently tried to delay the process. With this situation, the predicament of DOW was perfect, a global economic meltdown and a promise which DOW was non able to finish because of a deal break. The whole economy changed after the pronouncement in July that the spot largest chemical company would like to by Rohm and Haas.Stock prices of chemical companies increased immense and the shareholder of Rohm and Haas expect a large profit from their shares especially in the ongoing global downturn, touch the downslope values to the bare bone. Rohm and Haas forced DOW to finish the promised acquisition entirely DOW never got a specific plan how to handle this complex and importantly changed situation. Just an email from the chairman of DOW explained that it would be better to wait savings bank June 2009 in order to finish the deal.After they heard that Dow invested in varied other projects it was simply too much for Rohm and Haas, as they could not apprehend why other deals were made but the acquisition was still delayed, so they started a litigation to enforc e the merger. Rohm and Haas and DOW conducted several meeting to find a way to resolve the situation, but without any success and to the great mortification of Rohm and Haas as their expectations were not met at all. Analysts said It was a CLASH OF TITANS. finance Projects clinical Research Case- DOW Chemical CompanySilke Rahden In terms of the second half of 2008 and beginning of 2009 we notice a dramatically decrease of the DOW stock price. Well, it is in the middle of the financial crisis in the USA but the more important deal which caused the decline was the acquisition of Rohm and Haas, pronounced in July 2008 and finally finished in April 2009. During this time the stock prices slide into free worsening/ drop to the pits from $32,52 (July 2008) to $8,81 (April 2009). The absolutely low point was on 30 bump into 2009 with $8. 30 per share.The main reason for the death point, in addition to the financial crisis, was the finish of the acquisition of Rohm and Haas after eight m onths up and downs. Income Statement pay Projects Clinical Research Case- DOW Chemical Company Silke Rahden References http//finance. yahoo. com/q/is? s=DOW+Income+Statement&yearly http//phx. corporate-ir. net/phoenix. zhtml? c=80099&p=irolstockcalculator&t=Calc&control_type=256&control_ http//crisisexperts. blogspot. com/2009/02/dowrohm-and-haas-acquisition-crisis. html Finance Projects Clinical Research Case- DOW Chemical Company Silke Rahden

Report on Robi

pic C beer Planning & study in ROBI T equal to(p) of Contents Ac acquaintancement04 administrator synopsis04 Objective05 first Objective 05 Report Objective. 05 Methodology05 Limitations05 Comp any Overview06 Mission . 06 visual modality. 06 groundwork.. . 06 Major Milest ane(a)s of Robi07 Statement of the Topic08 rearing Programs in Robi.. .. 8 grandness of T&D operation In Robi.. 09 develop treat In Robi10 In-House instruction.. 10 Foreign culture. 10 inadvertence of educate by ROBI HR Department.. 11 Objectives of Training Programs.. 12 Training Plan Trainee . .. 12 Training Needs. 12 Training clipping. .. . . 12 Training Place. .. . . 13 flight simulator . .. 14 Trainee military rating. .. .. 14 Table of Contents suppuration Programs in Robi.. 15 brilliance of Development Programs. .. 15 Development Process In Robi Way of Conducting Development Process. 16 melodic phrase Rotation. 16 Junior control panel. .. 16 Problems of T&D Process in Robi 17 Recommen dations. 8 resultant 19 Bibliography.. 20 Ac friendshipment The term paper on is prep ard for Dr. Zahed Husain Sikder, the course instructor of downstairsgraduate externalize, School of vocation at Ameri back International University of Bangladesh (AIUB). This incubate is the partial filmment of HR Planning and Forecasting (BBA-00986) course during the Summer-2011 and getted at the same semester. Executive Summary Telecom indus travail is virtuoso of the signifi seatt industries of Bangladesh.There be some precise hard participants in this sector, which has made this a very competitive market place. disrespect the spicy entry costs, impertinent companies ar gradu for each unmatchabley coming into this industry. currently there atomic number 18 6 competitors in this telecom market in our country. AXIATA Group dribble oer the decl arership of AKTEL and very recently they brook been reformed with new slogan, new motto and last but non the least, they pick up changed their brand let on to ROBI from what it was earlier, AKTEL. Good tone with providing full client satisfaction is the main mission of ROBI.As because AXIATA Group came with a new name and new mission, they shake up set their target customers primarily bequeathing be young generation and apart from that they will try to lapse often than(prenominal) of their animated customers with their new products and service and alike they insufficiency to understand immense contribution in the socio-economy of our country. So their focus is to tender refreshment to the customers in a comparatively cheaper c tout ensemble rates and early(a) customer services. ROBI digest some competitors for example GrameenPhone Ltd, Bangla Link, Airtel Bangladesh, City Cell Ltd, and Tele Talk. ROBI wants to make huge word-painting in this industry and they ill try to capture more(prenominal) than than and more market shares, so they will inform all aged bulk by following advertising and other sales promotion. As it has changed their name, it is tiny bit difficult to capture the customers attraction and at once the customers will familiar with the product, and then it will be very favourable to launch our product in its selected areas. ROBI is always nerve-racking to focus improving its products and services based on customer demand, satisfaction and preferences. Objective Primary Objective The primary objective of this project is to learn or so the Training and Development influence of the ROBI lively community.Report objective ? Detailed data nigh Training and growing deal of the conjunction. ? To focus on antithetic types of Training programmes, Supervisor of the programmes, Trainee, Trainer, Training sequence, Training place, Training deprivations, Trainee paygrade. ? To focus on contrary Development programmes and different Development make. ? To know the problems of Training and Development process and recommendation for that problems. Methodology We used Secondary data to make this report. And that is wherefore the data and information is taken from newspaper, business magazines, and catalogs and in like manner from the internet.Limitations The major point of accumulation factor for this report was primarily the reluctance and strict devotion to confidentiality keep attitude shown by the official website of ROBI mobile caller-out. Moreover, some information was withheld to concern privacy of the corporation. So, we couldnt give the exact information always. Most of all we had very little time to finish this project. If we had some time more the project could have been better. exclusively inspite of that we have tried our level trump out to make the report data more meaningful. Company Overview Robi is a energetic and leading countrywide GSM communication solutions furnishr.It is a joint venture company between Axiata and NTT DoCoMo, Japan. Robi was officially commenced its operations in 1997 among the pioneers GSM mobile telecommunications provider in Bangladesh. Covering all 64 districts of the country, Robihas be herald the first mobile nitty-gritty to connect Tetulia and Teknaf, the northern and southern nearly points of Bangladesh and the first to provide circular-knit coverage along the Dhaka-Chittagong highway. Robisupports 2G voice, CAMEL phase 2 and GPRS/EDGE service with high speed internet connectivity. It has the widest International Roaming coverage in Bangladesh connecting 440 operators across 203 countries.Robis GSM service is based on a robust entanglement computer architecture and cutting edge engine room such as Intelligent network (IN), which provides peace-of-mind solutions in terms of voice clarity, extensive nationwide network coverage, and six-fold global partners for external roaming. Robicustomer centric solution includes value added services (VAS), quality customer care, easy access call centers, digital network security, and flexible tariff rate s. With its strengths and competencies developed over the years, Robiaims to provide the best quality service experience in terms of coverage and connectivity to its customers all over Bangladesh.Vision To be a leader as a Telecommunication military service Provider in Bangladesh. Mission ROBI aims to be achieving its vision with existence digit One non only in terms of market share, but similarly by being an affianceer of choice with up-to date knowledge and products geared to address the ever changing necessarily of our budding nation. Theme Customer First Major Milestones of ROBI ? First time introduced the mobile improver (PSTN Incoming Connectivity only) Product run in Bangladesh. ? First time introduced the Tele-Ramadan (Timing of Iftar and Sehri during Ramadan) under Tele-info Services in Bangladesh. First time introduced the Seamless Coverage throughout the Dhaka- Chittagong avenue and named it as Chittagong Dhaka Corridor (CDC). ? First time introduce the full bring up IVR based Customer Services (Call Center) in telecom market. ? First time introduced cellular services in the almost northern part of Bangladesh by launching ROBI Service in Rangpur and Dinajpur in 2002. ? TMIB brought Twenty half dozen (26) Districts and the outskirts under ROBI network by the end of Year 2002 prosperously. ? Introduced the robotlike frame generated bill amount and payment request for the Post-paid subscribers in 2002.The automatic unbarring facility, subsequently infallible payment making by the subscribers, is too a part of this system. Today, ROBI is recognized as a leading brand in Bangladesh and this is driven by our persistent pursuit of quality and technology, putting it clear ahead of the rest. The future with ROBI is promised to be exciting as we strive to employ the best resources and latest technology in offering many more innovative and exciting products and services Statement of the Topic We have selected the study of Determination o f Training and Development needs in ROBI for our report. Training Programmes in ROBIThe bringing up program is a vital link in the process of converting the recruit into full-bodied re beatives. The money, which is spent on recruiting and selecting flock, may be lazy if their selection is not followed up with the proper learn programs. Additionally, experienced reps may not improve or even maintain their productivity if they are not provided with an adequate amount of continual gentility. So the purpose of genteelness is to relate and improve the specific get alongance link clevernesss, attitudes, perception and behaviors require peoples success with the state of readiness of the force.As ROBI is the leading provider of telecom services, they always want to serve their best. That is wherefore, they have very industrial-strength and sound developing treation section to train the best culture to their employees. At ROBI the top-level oversight believes that their primary competitive advantage comes from their employees. In the ever-changing mobile industry, all of they must continuously upgrade their skills and knowledge in purchase beau monde to maintain this competitive advantage. Their ripening programs are based on the hypothesise natures and the slaying of the employees.Their goal is to attract, retain and motivate the very best and to do that they support genteelness, tuition, and business education. Importance of Training and Development Process in ROBI Training and Development is the report concerned with organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance of somebodys and groups in organizational settings. In other words it direction taking human inputs recruited or even existing employees and turning them into productive part of the company. ROBI believes that Training programs should be taken as a continual, ongoing process, which improve the scenario in different dimensions such as ?Training process is conducted t o provide the freshers the basic knowledge which is required to perform their specific frolic perfectly. ? Robi provides practice session for the new employees, to implement the basic knowledge. Because Robi believes on the more practice the more perfect empolyee. ? Training provides the people with better ameliorate knowledge, functionals habits, working techniques which are essential part to achieve some(prenominal) employee and company satisfaction and thus retaining them in the long run. ? Training programs also help trainee to develop positive attitude about themselves and company as a whole.As a growing country, Bangladeshi people, in general, are not very aware about the technological changes that are taking place. through with(predicate) Training and Development process ROBI wants to make the each and every employee that much capable so that they potentiometer prove themselves as one of the most vital weapons to achieve overall, long-run goals of the organization. A nd from these discussions we can realize that how important the Training and Development process is in ROBI. Training Process in ROBI ROBI uses different preparedness technique depending on the training content, urpose of the training program, participants of the program as rise up as time required for the completion of the training. The training program of ROBI is conducted before sending the entry level employees to the whole caboodletation. The training need of each employee is analyzed through two processes TNA Training Need Analysis SGA acquisition Gap Analysis The turn outant roles of these two Training Need Analysis processes measures how much training each employee needs There are two types of training process 1. In-house training This training is provided through the vendors.Employee supervisors or line theatre directors provide a coaching for the new employees. In coaching, lectures are delivered to provide knowledge related to the specific business lines. A lectur e is the best way to present a basic outline of a subject in a presentlyer time to a larger number of trainees than any of the other techniques. For example, when information about ROBIS products, new services, and new findings in the research and company information, market condition is to be given to the trainees then the training department adopts lectures.With this technique, a trainer can handle a high number of participants and give greater volume of information within a bypass time period 2. Foreign training To implement new technology Robi have to train their new employees from foreign countries. They have arranged for international training for their employees check their performance . In this case the employee has to sign a Bond assuring the company that he will not kick the bucket company next few years. This duration varies based on the training. Employees are mainly sent to Malaysia for this high training.The cost of relocations, the whole expense of food and hou sing are providing by ROBI Company as long as they are in the abroad for training. Job rotation ROBI provide vocation rotation to the entry-level employees. In this process they dont send their employee of one department to another department for training. What they do is that they just send employee of one beginning to another or one region to another. Discussion In ROBI, when any new system is launched or when there is any need for changing the technique or policies, discussion is used as a training method where some(prenominal) the trainer and the trainees can share their thoughts and opinions.During the lead training, induction training as training on cash advanced change skill the training department usually prefers discussion. or sotimes, when cases are given to the trainees to light up the problem and suggest recommendation, group discussion also takes place among the trainees. Supervision of training by ROBI HR Department Though the training programs are provided b y different departments, the overall supervision is upon the HR department. They look after the overall process and do some routine functions. They are as follows ?Prepare, maintain and update training related database. ? Prepare calling development cast ? Prepare induction training manual/modules ? Evaluate training program ? To Make agreement between ROBI and employees for overseas training ? To give out with different local training institutions ? To communicate with trainers/instructors. Objectives of Training Programs in ROBI A primary objective of many training programs is to teach the force how to be more productive. Usually, a persons productivity will accession with experience.But if training can substitute for some of the needed experience, higher productivity levels should be reached earlier. Training Plan Training gives new employees the skills required to perform their jobs perfectly. So make the training program perfect ROBI plans some steps, which are helpful for the fresher. ROBI follows the following steps to conduct training. ? Trainee As newly hired person doesnt have enough knowledge about the company and his job, training can help them in this regard. Although experienced people have knowledge about their job still they need training to grip with the changing world. Training needs ROBI mainly follows need based training. That is, whenever the supervisor finds that his/her subordinates need sufficient training they immediately take necessary steps and arrange training programs. They are as follows ? Performance exam ? Job analysis ? Force survey ? Performance survey ? ceremony ? Training times Timing of the training has two basic attitudes. Some organizations prefer training first than go for the job, where as some organizations want training based on after job performance.ROBI, the Training programs are made as annually basis for providing training on techniques and skills for all level of their employees including the ones from o ther departments because they believe that in a organization everybody needs to have skill. The market department, sales department and HR department wholly do the overall plan. This yearly plan for training is enhanced by the calendar monthly meetings held in every spots where ROBI has subsidiaries. These meetings are referred to as Pre- round of golf Briefing meeting. These meetings try to find out in which areas and for which employees training is needed.In the line of the training, expectations from each participant in the training program are assessed and according to that the managers design the content of the training. At every meeting, each department discuss and analysis the performance of the worker of their department in the past times month and identifies whether they are performing accordingly or not. If someone fails to perform and cannot reach the objective then the need for training arises. Plan of every individual department also has significant impact on the tr aining plan because only proper training can ensure the implementation of the plan.The yearly plan for providing training makes sure that it can be helpful for the movement of the objective of the plan. The training department plans the training before 2-3 months from the time think to provide the training to the employees. The Training Manager is responsible for preparing the budgeting, plan on which training for whom in all department, planned actions, and also give guidelines to the gracious Resource Department for recruitment and selection. However, Training Manager specifically works with the related training.According to the companys perspective, everybody should have knowledge about their related job. So, the Training Manager plans what type of training is required for new recruits and the existing personnel and how the training is going to change the current performance and will help in achieving the desired level of performance. Both the managers analyze the performance of the trainee after attending the training program taken place in the last month and set strategy for the next months training plan. ? Training place Training can be provided in both centralized and decentralized manner.Centralized training occurs when all the people come to one central location (often home office) to have training. On the other hand decentralized training of people is usually held in field or regional offices. ROBI follows both centralized and decentralized training. General management training program for the top level executives are mainly held in the home office because centralized school normally has more white-tie facilities for training than are available in the field. As top-level executives need more advanced training, thats why, it usually held in the head-office.On the other hand, those whose works are mainly field based, they often have to go with their old people to the field, have to do on-the-job training, attend seminars, conferences etc to increa se their outer knowledge. ? Trainer A trainer is the person on whom the success or blow of the whole training program is dependent. There are three types trainers by, they are- I. regular line executives II. Staff personnel and III. Outside specialists. Because each has certain advantages, it is not unusual to find organizations using all these three types as well as using one or two types.It basically depends on the size of the firm, the characteristics of the product line, the focus of the training where the sessions are held etc. ROBI has both line executive trainer and outside specialists. The HR manager and senior supervisor usually train their own force. In that way, the trainer can get better understanding about the laggings of their force and can take necessary steps according to that. On the other hand, force also get known environment because of their own supervisor as their trainer. Robi also bring outside specialists from abroad like Malaysia.In this way, they get the most advance and recent information from their competitors. ? Trainee Evaluation In ROBI, The intensity level of a training program is measured by evaluation of the trainees. This evaluation is necessary in terms of assessing the value of the training and in terms of improving the design of future programs. There are mainly cardinal outcomes based on which the organization evaluates the success or failure of each training program. The four outcomes are- reaction, learning, behavior and results.After each training session, each must have to submit an annual assessment. In the annual assessment, each trainee is asked to do report regarding the training program and is asked to do presentations on the items they have learnt. During the training, quizzes and assignments are also given among the trainees. The effects of training on their performance are evaluated through the performance they have done after taking part in the training compared to the performance they used to do before t he training and by this the organization measure the effectiveness of that training program.The trainees who have gone abroad for attending the training program are required to submit a report regarding on the materials taught in the whole training program. This type of evaluation helps both the trainers as well as the trainees. The trainees can compare their own performance and try to improve according to that. The trainers can judge the effectiveness of training and can develop better strategy for the upcoming training program. Development Programmes in ROBI Management development is any attempt to managerial performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills.For the past few years management developments focus has been shifting from preparing managers to take higher level slots to preparing them to meet the challenges of managing in past paced environment. Increasingly, therefore, the emphasis is on developing a managers great power to learn and make d ecisions under conditions of rapid change. The management development program may be aimed at filling a specific set, such as CEO, perhaps with one of two potential candidates. When it is an executive position to be filled, the process is usually called succession planning.Succession planning refers to the process through which senior level openings are planned for and eventually filled. Importance of Development Programmes in ROBI When ROBI selects their own employees to fill the vacant higher positions they look for the employee who are ready to get the higher position. As they do not follow the personnel replacement map or position replacement card they have to make those employees ready to acquire the higher position ROBI conducts development program for them. It helps those employees to have the ability to take decisions those are required in the higher-level position.Those who deserve the higher position receive a development process conducted by ROBI but its true that their development programs are not well organized though they take some necessary steps for developing their employees who are working inside the organization. Development Process in ROBI ? Way of Conducting Development Process Before starting a development program they analyze the employees to what point they need the development to be fit for the higher position. To analyze this they go through SGA (skill gap analysis). On the basis of the SGA every employee has to have a yearly 40 hours development process.It depends on the current skill of those employees. all employee of ROBI (from manager to managing director) goes through a career succession planning. Through this career succession planning employees develops their skills to deserve the vacant higher position. ? The Development Process To conduct a development process ROBI follows the following on the jobs techniques 1. Job rotation ROBI provide job rotation to the managerial employees also. But the opinion of ROBIs job rotatio n policy is limited only to the department. That means they dont send their employees of one department to another department.What they do is that they just send employee of one branch to another or one region to another. For example, for job rotation they send Marketing manager of Chittagong branch to the Marketing department of Dhaka branch as a manager which position is vacant, but they dont send a marketing manager to the sells department or HR department or any other branches. 2. Junior Board It is used for operational decisions in most cases. But sometimes it is used to take very few strategical decisions (example to design training program). To attend junior board all employees should already receive the sign coaching.In junior board top level managers have a sit with the sub-ordinates and encourage them to provide possible suggestions regarding a decision. The sub-ordinates try to give suggestions through brainstorming using the knowledge provided in the initial coaching. Problems of Training and Development Programs in Robi Though ROBI follows most of the rules and regulations of standard training programs but still they have some problems with their existing training and development programs. Some of the problems are listed below- ? They dont have action-learning program.As a result employees dont get scope to increase their project skill and to know about the problems of another department. ? They dont concentrate on off the job training. We know, off the job training is sometimes more important to know about the job. ? Review system is not strong enough. As a result it becomes quite difficult to understand how effective the training was. ? Lack of motivation in the training side. ROBI dont motivate that much while employees took training. They took training just like they are doing their regular jobs. Less scope of developing for the senior employees. Senior employee curiously the aged employees dont have sufficient idea about the changing envir onment of technology. Recommendation and Ways of Implement of Training and Development Programs in Robi In order to solve the problems with the existing training and development system, we recommend the following suggestion. The ways of implementing those recommendations is also discussed. 1. From the problem part, we become able to know that ROBI dont follow action learning training and off the job training.We would not recommend implementing action learning training. But ROBI should provide off the job training. Because, for some sectors or jobs off the job training is more valuable than on the job training. In order to implement off the job training in the company they can follow those steps ? Select the sectors and employee for this training ? A time thought for the training. It will be selected by the discussion with the employees. ? Then the trainer would be selected. They dont need to hire new trainer for this, they can provide off the job training ith their existing traine r. ? Sufficient training materials should be provided to the employees. 2. They should motivate employee to give more concentration on their training. The rationalness is that motivations dont cost enough money, but it helps to the employees to learn rapidly. If they are motivated and learn the job then not only they will be benefited, at the same time they will serve the company with their best effort. In order to motivate them, ROBI can provide them various incentives, like- informing them about the benefit of the training, how it will help them, etc. 3.Senior employees should also be developed always. We already mentioned that in ROBI senior employees do not get enough facilities and time to develop themselves. As a result they always have lack of idea about the technological change. In order to provide training for the senior employees ROBI may need to provide different sessions like action learning, case study method, management games. So, it may cost ROBI. But in the long ru n, they will be benefited. Conclusion ROBI is trying to cope up with the changing market situation and that is why they have come with a new name, new slogan and new mission.To be very frank, the telecom sector of our country is totally henpecked by GrameenPhone Ltd, with its extreme superior network coverage and customer services. besides in last year, Bharti Airtel made its entrance in our country by capturing the ownership of WARID telecom. So this telecom industry will be in a fluctuating situation within a very short time. Technologically ROBI is lagging behind far more than GP. So to make progress and capture the more market share it needs drastic steps to make improvement.ROBI has a very passionate and hard working marketing department, very dedicating customer service team who are trying their level best to take ROBI one step ahead because previously its slogan was ONE STEP AHEAD. Although its slogan has been changed but its vision should be like this to cement its place i nto this industry. We hope ROBI will be successful with its new brand name and its products and services. Bibliography Name of Websites Are- http//www. robi. com. bd/ www. google. com www. en. wikipedia. org www. gsmworld. com www. btrc. gov. bd www. aktel-users-group. blogspot. com 2

The Big Idea: How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution

In the latest Ease of Doing phvirtuoso line ranking from the World brim, one earth do a owing(p) stick outfrom 143rd on the list to 67th. It was Rwanda, whose population and institutions had been decimated by genocide in the 1990s. On the World Bank list, Rwanda catapulted out of the neighborhood of Haiti, Liberia, and the West Bank and Gaza, and sailed past Italy, the Czech Republic, Tur recognize, and Poland. On one subindex in the study, the ease of curtain raising a in the raw business, Rwanda ranked 11th worldwide.You give the bounce chat and charge smell the signs of Rwandas business revolution at Costco, one of the retail worlds most demanding trade customers, w here(predicate) pungent cturnedee self-aggrandizing by the nations sm any outlying(prenominal)mer-entrepreneurs is stocked on the shelves. And in Rwanda itself the secern is dramaticper capita GDP has almost quadrupled since 1995.pic Rwanda From Genocide to Costcos ShelvesThis is the material body of cha nge entrepreneurship brush off bring to a country. As Rwandas president, non bad(p) of Minnesota Kagame, put it recently, Entrepreneurship is the most sure modality of development. He is non a lone voice Economic studies from around the globe consistently relate entrepreneurship, farewellicularly the fast- ontogeny variety, with rapid job creation, GDP growth, and long-term productivity increases.Youll see much palpable consequence of surprising entrepreneurial achiever stories on the Costco shelves. A few steps away from the Rwandan coffee, you can find juvenile fish from Chile, which now ranks second solely to Norway as a supplier of salmon. The Chilean fish in Americas super grocery stores were supplied by hundreds of freshly fishing-related ventures spawned in the 1980s and 1990s. A few aisles over are warehousing USBs invented and manufactured in Israel, a country whose irre ironible entrepreneurs shake been give innovative technologies to the world since the 1970s. And respectable around the corner, the Costco pharmacy sells generic drugs made by Icelands Actavis, whose meteoric rise landed it, in just 10 years, among the top five global generics leading.Rwanda, Chile, Israel, and Iceland all are fecund ground for entrepreneurshipthanks in no small part to the groundss of their regimes. though the companies behind the products on Costcos shelves were launched by innovative entrepreneurs, those businesses were all aided, all directly or indirectly, by judicature leaders who helped build environments that prove and swan entrepreneurship. These entrepreneurship ecosystems restrain execute a kind of holy grail for governments around the worldin both rising and developed countries.Unfortunately, whatever governments tear a misguided approach to building entrepreneurship ecosystems. They pursue some unattainable ideal of an ecosystem and look to economies that are completely unlike theirs for shell practices. entirely increas ingly, the most outletive practices come from remote corners of the earth, where imaginativenesssas comfortably as legal frameworks, transparent governance, and democratic valuesmay be scarce. In these places entrepreneurship has a completely new face.The new practices are emergent murkily and by trial and error. This messiness should not deter leaderstheres too much at spot. Governments admit to attempt all available experience and commit to ongoing experimentation. They must get along an incomplete and ever-changing slew of prescriptions and relentlessly review and refine them. The alternatives victorious decades to devise a model set of guidelines, acting randomly, or doing cipherall are unacceptable. save the government cannot do everything on its have the private and nonprofit organization spheres too must shoulder some responsibility. In legion(predicate) instances corporate executives, family-business owners, universities, professional organizations, foundations, bray organizations, financiers, and, of course, entrepreneurs themselves have initiated and even financed entrepreneurship education, conferences, research, and insurance advocacy. As we shall show later in this article, sometimes private endeavor take a leaks it easier for governments to act more quickly and effectively, and all stakeholdersgovernment and otherwiseshould take every chance to show real leadership.To make progress, leaders need practical if imperfect maps and navigational guidelines. From what we know from both research and practice, heres what seems to actually work in stimulating thriving entrepreneurship ecosystems. lodge Prescriptions for Creating an Entrepreneurship EcosystemThe entrepreneurship ecosystem consists of a set of individual elementssuch as leadership, culture, capital markets, and broad-minded customersthat combine in complex ways. (See the exhibit Do You Have a Strong Entrepreneurship Ecosystem?) In isolation, each is conducive to entrepreneur ship but insufficient to sustain it. Thats where many governmental efforts go wrongthey address whole one or two elements. Together, however, these elements turbocharge venture creation and growth. When integrating them into one holistic system, government leaders should focus on these nine key principles.pic Do You Have a Strong Entrepreneurship Ecosystem?1 Stop Emulating ti vale.The n previous(predicate) universal ambition of becoming another ti valley sets governments up for frustration and failure. There is little argument that silicon Valley is the gold standard entrepreneurship ecosystem, home to game-changing giants such as Intel, Oracle, Google, eBay, and Apple. The Valley has it all applied science, cash, talent, a critical mass of ventures, and a culture that encourages collaborative plan and tolerates failure. So it is understandable when public leaders throughout the world full point to California and say, I want that.Yet, Valley envy is a slimy guide for trio reasons. One is that, ironically, even Silicon Valley could not induce itself today if it tried. Its ecosystem evolved under a unique set of percentage a strong local aerospace sedulousness, the open California culture, Stanford Universitys validatory relationships with industry, a mother lode of invention from Fairchild Semiconductor, a liberal in-migration policy toward doctoral students, and pure luck, among other things. All those factors set off a chaotic evolution that defies definitive determination of cause and effect.Further, Silicon Valley is fed by an overabundance of technology and technical expertness. exploitation knowledge-based industrythe mantra of governments everywhereis an admirable aspiration, but achieving it requires a massive, multiplication-long ratement in education as well as the ability to develop best intellectual property. On top of that, a knowledge industry demands an awful technology pipeline and scrap pile. Consider that top venture capita lists invest in at best 1% of the technology-based businesses they look at, and a important proportion of that select group fails.A third limit is that although Silicon Valley sounds as if its a place that breeds local ventures, in reality its as much a powerful attractiveness for ready-made entrepreneurs, who flock there from around the globe, often forming their own friendly subcultures and organizations in what Gordon Moore, one of the Valleys graybeards, calls an industry of transplants. And difficult as it is to foster an ecosystem that encourages current inhabitants to make the entrepreneurial choice and then espouse at it, it is even harder to grow an entrepreneurs Mecca.2 skeletal system the Ecosystem Around Local Conditions.If not Silicon Valley, then what entrepreneurial hatful should government leaders aspire to? The most difficult, yet crucial, thing for a government is to tailor the suit to fit its own local entrepreneurship dimensions, style, and The hitting d issimilarities of Rwanda, Chile, Israel, and Iceland illustrate the principle that leaders can and must foster native solutionsones based on the realities of their own circumstances, be they natural resources, geographic location, or culture.Rwandas government took a strongly interventionist strategy in the postgenocide years, identifying three local industries (coffee, tea, and tourism) that had proven potential for development. It actively organized the institutions that would support those industries by, for example, train farmers to grow and package coffee to intertheme standards and connecting them to overseas distribution channels. Rwandas immediate priority was to provide gainful employment to megs of people. Its efforts led to approximately 72,000 new ventures, almost entirely consisting of two- and three-person operations, which in a decade tripled exports and rock-bottom poverty by 25%.Chile also focused on industries where it had copious natural resourcessuch as fis hing. As in Rwanda, the government took a powerfully interventionist approach to its entrepreneurship ecosystem in Augusto Pinochets early years, and the authoritarians free-market ideology made it easier for Chiles center of attention year to obtain financing and licenses for fishing operations. The government also weakened labor (sometimes brutally) to conquer new ventures input costs and kept Chiles currency inexpensive to maintain competitiveness in export markets. inborn resources often are not a key component of an ecosystem, however. Frequently, entrepreneurship is emotional when such resources are scarce, requiring people to be more inventive. Taiwan, Iceland, Ireland, and New Zealand, resource-poor islands far from major markets, all developed ecosystems based primarily on compassionate capital. So did Israel. In the 1970s and 1980s, its unique ecosystem evolved haphazardly out of a combination of factors, including spillover from tremendous military R&D efforts, stro ng diaspora connections to capital and customers, and a culture that prized frugality, education, and unconventional wisdom.3 Engage the Private sphere from the Start.Government cannot build ecosystems alone. Only the private sector has the motivation and perspective to develop self-sustaining, profit-driven markets. For this reason, government must involve the private sector early and let it keep or acquire a significant stake in the ecosystems conquest.Start with a candid conversation.One way to involve the private sector is to reach out to its representatives for early, frank advice in reducing morphologic barriers and formulating entrepreneur-friendly policies and programs. If the necessary expertise doesnt exist domestically, it can often be found overseas among expatriates. In the 1980s the Formosan government engaged with the Taiwanese diaspora, consulting prominent executives in leading U.S. technology companies and establishing ongoing forums to collect their input. The government actually make programs based on the suggestions of these expats, who liked how their ideas were implemented so much that they returned home in droves in the 1990s, many of them to occupy prominent policy positions or run the new plants that were realized. For example, Morris Chang, the former group vice president of Texas Instruments, came home and eventually set up and ran TSMC, Taiwans second semiconductor-fabricating plant.Taiwan Bringing Expat Entrepreneurs shellDesign in self-liquidation.In 1993 the Israeli government created Yozma, a $ hundred million fund of funds that in three years spawned 10 venture capital funds. In each one, Yozma, an Israeli private partner, and a foreign private partner with proven fund management expertise all invested approximately equal amounts. From the start, the Israeli government gave the private sector partners an option to buy out its interest in the funds at attractive termsa fact often overlooked by other governments that copy the Yozma model. That option was exercised by eight of the 10 funds, fruitfully for the government, I might add. Five years after the founding of Yozma, its be assets were liquidated by auction. The governments exit served as market verification that real value had been generated and is one of the reasons that the Israeli venture capital industry not only became self-sustaining but simultaneously achieved a quantum leap in growth.4 Favor the High Potentials.Many programs in emerging economies spread scarce resources among quantities of bottom-of-the-pyramid ventures. And indeed, some of them, such as the Carvajal Foundation in Cali, Colombia, have dramatically increased income for segments of the population. But focusing resources there to the riddance of high-potential ventures is a crucial flaw.In an era when microfinance for small-scale entrepreneurs has become mainstream, the reallocation of resources to support high-potential entrepreneurs may seem elitist and inequitable . But in particular if resources are limited, programs should try to focus first on ambitious, growth-oriented entrepreneurs who address large potential markets.The social economics of high-potential ventures and small-scale employment alternatives are significantly different. Whereas 500 microfinanced sole proprietorships and one rapidly globalizing 500-person operation create the same number of jobs, many experts argue that the wealth creation, power to invigorate other start-ups, labor force enrichment, and reputational value are much greater with the latter.One organization that recognizes this is Enterprise Ireland, an agency responsible for supporting the growth of world-class Irish companies. It has created a program specifically to provide mentoring and financial assistance to high-potential start-ups, which it defines as ventures that are export-oriented, are based on innovative technology, and can generate at least 1 million in sales and 10 jobs in three years. The glob al nonprofit Endeavor, which focuses on entrepreneurship development in 10 emerging economies, has to date take some 440 high- regard entrepreneurs, who, with Endeavors mentoring, are turning their successes into role models for their countrymen. non all high-potential ventures are technology based in fact, Id argue that the majority are not. SABIS is a perfect example. An educational management organization founded in Lebanon many years ago as one school, SABIS now is one of the worlds largest EMOs, teaching more than 65,000 students in 15 countries, with the goal of reaching 5 million students by 2020.5 Get a Big Win on the Board.It has become clear in recent years that even one success can have a surprisingly stimulating effect on an entrepreneurship ecosystemby igniting the imagination of the public and inspiring imitators. I call this effect the law of small numbers. Skypes adoption by millions and eventual $2.6 jillion sale to eBay reverberated throughout the small nation of Estonia, encouraging highly deft technical people to start their own companies. In China, Baidus market share and worldwide recognition have inspired an entire generation of new entrepreneurs. Celtels amazing success as sub-Saharan Africas leading regional mobile provider and acquisition by Zain for more than $3 billion stirred the regions pride and helped African governments fight Africa fright among investors. In Ireland it was Elan Corporation and Iona Technologies, listed on Nasdaq in 1984 and 1997, respectively, that served as guiding lights to a generation of budding entrepreneurs.Sub-Saharan Africa grammatical construction Shareholder Valueand Better GovernmentEarly, visible successes help reduce the perception of entrepreneurial barriers and pretends, and highlight the tangible rewards. Even modest successes can have an impact. Saudi Arabia, a nation with a dearth of entrepreneurial ventures (aside from the powerful family business groups), is fighting hard to tear down the numerous structural and cultural obstacles entrepreneurs face. One preteen Saudi, Abdullah Al-Munif, left his salaried job, tightened his belt, fought the bureaucracy, and started a business making chocolate-covered dates. He ultimately grew the business, Anoosh, into a national string of 10 high street stores and turned an eye to overseas markets. now when Al-Munif appears as a panelist at entrepreneurship seminars, he is swamped by plan Saudi entrepreneurs who take inspiration from his bravery, realizing that neither capital, nor technology, nor connections are essential to success.Overcelebrate the successes.Governments should be bold about celebrating thriving entrepreneurial ventures. Media events, highly publicized awards, and touts in government literature, speeches, and interviews all have an impact.This is not as straightforward as it may seem, because many cultures discourage any public display of success as boastful or an invitation to either bad luck or the tax c ollector. Whereas in Hong Kong even small-scale entrepreneurs drive black Mercedes to have their status, in the Middle East flaunting ones success publicly can attract the envy of neighbors or, worse, the evil eye.Kenyas first international call center, KenCall, founded by Nicholas Nesbitt and two partners in 2004, built an international strawman by overcoming many bureaucratic and structural barriers, including the lack of a fast optical lineament hookup to the international communications grid. The Kenyan government didnt wait until KenCall became big to sing its praises even when it was a callow operation, the government brought in foreign delegations for visits, promoted the company in official publications and press releases, and hosted an international outsourcing conference. Government officials also used KenCalls example to have-to doe with for reforms, which expedited the construction of East Africas first undersea optical fiber linkan example of how entrepreneurial s uccess can facilitate structural change, not just the other way around.6 Tackle heathenish Change Head-On.Changing a deeply ingrained culture is tremendously difficult, but both Ireland and Chile demonstrate that it is possible to alter social norms about entrepreneurship in less than a generation. Until the 1980s employment in government, financial services, or agriculture was the main aspiration of Irelands young people. There was zero tolerance for loan defaults, and bankruptcy was stigmatized. Parents discouraged their children from backing out on their own, so few nurtured dreams of starting their own business.But by the 1990s, after triple-crown pioneers paved the way, hundreds of new software companies had been launched in Ireland. Some exported products some went public. Many achieved healthy sales revenues. dependable as important, entrepreneurs learned that it was possible to fail and regroup to try again. If you wanted to be respected and taken seriously, you needed to be a founder with a stake in a company trying to do something, recalls Barry Murphy, who was national software director at Enterprise Irelands predecessor in the 1990s.In her research, University of Minnesota professor Rachel Schurman has described how Chileans negative image of entrepreneurs as greedy exploiters was transformed in just one decade, as a direct result of the Chilean governments concerted effort to liberalize Chiles economy. Until the 1980s, Chiles well-educated middle class wasnt entrepreneurial, avoided opportunity-driven investment, and preferred to consume rather than save and invest. But by the 1990s, Chiles new middle-class entrepreneurs were telling Schurman forthwith the youth, everybody, wants to be an entrepreneur. If a successful empresario is interviewed in the newspaper, everybody reads it. Why was he successful? How did he do it? Its a model that never existed in advance.The media can play an important role not just in celebrating wins but in changi ng attitudes. In Puerto Rico, El Nuevo Da, the largest passing(a) newspaper, supported local entrepreneurship by running a weekly rapscallion of start-up success stories. On the small island, these stories have quickly become part of the social dialogue and have raised awareness about the opportunities entrepreneurship presents, as well as the tools it requires.7 Stress the Roots.Its a mistake to flood even high-potential entrepreneurs with easy money More is not necessarily merrier. New ventures must be exposed early to the rigors of the market. Just as grape growers withhold water from their vines to extend their root systems and make their grapes produce more-concentrated flavor, governments should stress the roots of new ventures by meting out money carefully, to ensure that entrepreneurs develop toughness and resourcefulness. Such measures also help heap out opportunists.In 2006 Malaysias Ministry of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development awarded 90% of some 21,000 applica nts about $5,000 each in business support, strong evidence of the governments commitment to entrepreneurship. The program was part of an affirmative live up to program largely aimed at indigenous Malays, who were less entrepreneurial than the countrys business-minded Chinese immigrants. Yet Malay entrepreneurs themselves attribute the disappointing results partly to the fact that funding was too loose and even stigmatized the Malay recipients as less capable.More broadly, Malaysian entrepreneurship-development programs, considered by many, including myself, to be among the most panoptic programs in the world, have been criticized for actually inhibiting entrepreneurship among the Malays by unwittingly reinforcing their lack of risk taking. Similarly, recent reports on second Africas Black Economic authorisation program have reached the conclusion that BEE has discouraged entrepreneurship among the bulk of black South Africans and has benefited primarily the elite and well-conne cted.In fact, the hardships of resource-scarce, even hostile, environments often promote entrepreneurial resourcefulness. New Zealanders call Kiwi ingenuity number 8 fit In the countrys colonial days, the only plentiful resource was 8-gauge fencing wire, and New Zealanders learned to fix and make anything with it. Icelandic entrepreneurship is built upon a legacy of fishing when the fish are there, not when the atmospheric condition is good.For years incubators or entrepreneurship centers that provide financial help, mentoring, and often space to start-ups have been popular with governments. But I have seen scant rigorous evidence that these expensive programs contribute commensurately to entrepreneurship. One municipality in Latin America established 30 small incubators, but after several years only one venture out of more than 500 assisted by them had reached annual sales of $1 million.Though Israels renowned incubator program has helped launch more than 1,300 new ventures, rela tively few of them have been big entrepreneurial successes. On the basis of my discussions with Israeli officials, I enter that, among the hundreds of Israeli ventures that have been acquired at hefty valuations or taken public, at best 5% were hatched in incubators. And incubators definitely are not a quick fix. When well conceived and well managed, they can take 20 years or longer to generate a measurable impact on entrepreneurship. Poorly conceived and managed, they can be white elephants.